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ADV 316
Exam 1 Reading Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Csikszentmihalyi, where does Creativity happen? | No inside people's heads, but in the interaction between a persons thoughts and a sociocultural context. It is systemic rather than an individual phenomenon. |
| According to Csikszentmihalyi, what was creativity originally meant to mean? | To bring into existence something genuinely new that is alued enough to be added to the culture & social confirmation is necessary for something to be called creative. |
| What is the first usage of the word 'creative' that Csikszentmihalyi describes? | Refers to persons who express unusual thoughts, who are interesting and stimulating - people who appear to be unusually bright. Varied interests & quick mind may be be called creative in this sense. |
| What is the second way that 'creative' can be used to refer to people according to Csikszentmihalyi? | People who experience the world in novel and original ways. These are individ. whose perceptions are fresh, whose judgements are insightful, who may make important discoveries that only they know about. |
| What is the final use of the term 'creative' that Csikszentmihalyi describes? | Used to describe individuals who, like Leonardo, Edison, Picasso, Einstein, have changed our culture in some important respect. They are creative without qualifications |
| How does Csikszentmihalyi say Talent differs from Creativity? | Talent focuses on an innate ability to do something very well i.e. Michael Jordan or Mozart. Talent is a relative term, so it might be argued that in comparison to the "average" the creative ones are talented. |
| What is creativity with a capital C? | The kind that changes some aspect of the culture, is never only in the mind of a person i.e. Cultural creativity |
| What is necessary for an idea to to be Creative according to Csikszentmihalyi ? | It must be couched in terms that understandable to others, pass muster with the experts in the field, & be included in the cultural domain to which it belongs. |
| What are the three main parts of The Systems Model? | Domain, Field, Individual Person |
| What is another way to define Creativity? | Any act, idea, or product that changes an existing domain or that transforms an existing domain into a new one. |
| Who is a Creative person? | Someone who thoughts or actions change a domain, or establish a new domain. |
| Domain | A set of symbolic rules & procedures. ex. Mathematics. Domains are in turn nested in what we usually call culture, or the symbolic knowledge shared by a particular society, or by humanity as a whole. |
| Field | Includes all the individuals who acts as gatekeepers to the domain. They decide whether a new idea or product should be included in the domain. |
| Individual Person | The Systems Model is dependent on a person to be Creative in a particular domain i.e to have a new idea or see a new pattern that is selected by the appropriate field for inclusion into the relevant domain. |
| Where is Creativity more likely to be selected for inclusion by the respective field ? | In domains that are often relatively trivial but easy to measure i.e. There can be an actual agreement on whether a new computer game, rock song, or economic formula is actually novel; not as easy to agree on the novelty of an act of compassion |
| What does the Systems Model imply about the dependence Creativity has on the respective domains & fields? | Creativity depends on how well suited the respective domains and fields are to the recognition and diffusion of novel ideas. An idea may not be Creative until 50 years later until it is vindicated by the field in its domain. |
| How are Domains perhaps the best evidence of creativity? | The demonstrate that we can experience patterns of order that were not programmed into our genes by biological evolution. |
| What are the three dimensions of a Domain? | The clarity of structure, the centrality within the culture, and accessibility. |
| How do the three dimensions of a Domain help or hinder Creativity? | A domain where knowledge is better structured ( mathematics), more central and more accessible is more likely to be a domain where Creative innovations are going to happen. |
| What are the three ways a Field can affect the rate of Creativity? | Being either reactive or proactive, choosing either a narrow or a broad filter in the selection of novelty, the level of connection to the rest of the social system and ability to channel support into their own domain. |
| Creativity is a property and product of _______________. | Systems; rather than of individuals |
| What is Darwin's Paradox? | So many different life forms, occupying such a vasty array of ecological niches, inhabiting waters that are otherwise remarkably nutrient poor. |
| What does Klieber's Law prove? | Whenever an organism had to figure out a way to consume and distribute energy through a body, negative quarter power scaling governed the patterns of its development. i.e. As life gets bigger it slows down. |
| What did West's model demonstrate? | As cities get bigger, they generate ideas at a faster clip. |
| What is Superlinear Scaling? | If creativity scaled with size in a straight, linear fashion, you would find more patents and inventions per capita in larger cities, but the number of patents and inventions per capita would be stable. |
| What did West's power laws suggest about Creativity? | Despite all the noise and crowding and distraction, the average resident of a metropolis with a population of five million people was almost three times more creative than the average resident of a little town. |
| What is the 10/10 Rule? | The social innovation rate; a decade to build the new platform, and a decade for it to find a mass audience. ex. Radio evolved in the early 1920s but radios didn't become a fixture in American homes until the late 20s. |
| Our culture is a massive _____________ contest. | Popularity |
| We define our age by our ____________ & ____________- products. | Celebrities, mass market |
| What has shifted in terms of the economic force of "hits"? | Number one is still number one, but the sales that go with that are not what they once were. Although we still obsess over hits, they are not quite the economic force they once were. |
| What broad explanation accounts for the decline of economic force that "hits" once had? | Consumers and audiences have been greatly scattered as markets fragment into countless niches. Basically, there are so many different entertainment outlets that no fan base is highly concentrated anymore like in the 70s & 80s. |
| What is one of the main differences between mass-culture in the 70s/80s and today? | Back then, there were only a half dozen TV channels, 3 or 4 rock stations in any town, a few newspapers and broadcasts, & only a handful of summer blockbusters.Everyone was more connected to similar experiences & information than today |
| Why were TV shows more popular in the 70s than they are now? | Not because they were better, but because we had fewer alternative to compete for our screen attention. |
| Is the new Niche market replacing the traditional market of hits? | No, it is just sharing the stage with it for the first time. |
| What is the 80/20 Rule? | 20% of products account for 80% of sales (& usually 100% of profit) |
| Is the Anderson article what does the 98% Rule refer to? | 98% of 10,000 albums available on the "digital jukebox" sold at least one track a quarter. |
| What does the 98% Rule convey about the new economics of entertainment in the digital age? | The aggregate market for niche music is ever increasing. With almost zero packaging costs and instant access to almost all content in this format, consumers look at almost everything. |
| How did the 98% Rule lead Anderson to discover the phenomenon of the Long Tail? | The Long Tail describes the shape of demand for music tracks on Rhapsody. The curve of of the demand graph never reached zero because even the furthest tracks from the "hits" were still being downloaded 4 or 5 times a month. |
| What did Anderson's "Long Tail" reveal about the new economics of the entertainment and media industry? | 1) The tail of available variety is far longer than we realize 2) its now with reach economically 3) all those niches, when aggregated, can make up a significant market. |
| What is the "Tyranny of Locality"? | Retailers can only carry content that can generate sufficient demand to earn its keep. However each retailer only has a limited local population to pull demand from, which is why most only carry "HITS" |
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rrayos
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