term to describe the study of aging, multidisciplinary field covering biological, behavioral, and social science issues, normal aging process that occurs with everyone.

term that refers to the medical care of older adults. Focus is on changes that occur with age as a result of disease. Pathology of aging more variation in occurrence.

As adults grow older, reaction time increases.

True and false. When processing ordinary stimuli, adults do show large increases in response time with increasing age.

High blood pressure increases with age.

True and False, evidence that high blood pressure does increase with age, but controversy over the criteria for high blood pressure.

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AH Aging

Question	Answer
Gerontology	term to describe the study of aging, multidisciplinary field covering biological, behavioral, and social science issues, normal aging process that occurs with everyone.
Geriatrics	term that refers to the medical care of older adults. Focus is on changes that occur with age as a result of disease. Pathology of aging more variation in occurrence.
Women live an average 5 years	longer than men.
Life expectancy of women is	81.1 years.
Life expectancy of man is	76.1 years.
Women are expected to live longer than men because men lack a	social support system.
Majority of old people past 65 years have alzheimer's disease.	False.
As people grow older, their intelligence declines significantly.	False
It is very difficult for older adults to learn new things.	False.
Personality changes with age.	False
Memory loss is a normal part of aging.	True
As adults grow older, reaction time increases.	True and false. When processing ordinary stimuli, adults do show large increases in response time with increasing age.
Clinical depression occurs more frequently in older than younger people.	False.
Older adults are at risk for HIV/AIDS.	True.
Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are significantly greater problems in the adult population over age 65 than that under age 65.	False.
Older adults have more trouble sleeping than younger adults do.	True.
Older adults have the highest suicide rate of any age group.	True.
High blood pressure increases with age.	True and False, evidence that high blood pressure does increase with age, but controversy over the criteria for high blood pressure.
Older people perspire less, so they are more likely to suffer from hyperthermia.	True.
All women develop osteoporosis as they age.	False.
A person's height tends to decline in old age.	True.
Physical strength declines in old age.	True.
Most old people lose interest in and capacity for sexual relations.	False.
Bladder capacity decreases with age, which leads to frequent urination.	True.
Kidney function is not affected by age.	False.
Constipation increases in more people as they get older.	False.
All five senses tend to decline with age.	True
As people live longer, they face fewer acute conditions and more chronic health conditions.	True.
Retirement is often detrimental to health, people frequently seem to become ill or die soon after retirement.	False.
Older adults are less anxious about death than are younger and middle aged adults.	True.
People 65 years of age and older make up about 20 percent of the US population.	False.
Most older people are living in nursing homes.	False.
The modern family no longer takes care of its elderly.	False.
The life expectancy of men at age 65 is about the same as that of women.	False.
Remaining life expectancy of blacks at age 85 is about the same as whites.	True.
Social security benefits automatically increase with inflation.	True.
Living below or near the poverty level is no longer a significant problem for most older americans.	False.
Most older drivers are quite capable of safely operating a motor vehicle.	True
Older workers cannot work as effectively as younger workers.	False
Most old people are set in their ways and unable to change.	False.
The majority of old people are bored.	False.
In general, most old people are pretty much alike.	False.
Older adults (65+) have higher rates of criminal victimization than adults under 62 do.	False.
Older people tend to become more religious as they grow older.	False.
Older adults (65+) are more fearful of crime than are persons under 65.	False.
Older people do not adapt as well as younger age groups when they relocate to a new environment.	False.
Participation in voluntary organizations (churches and clubs) tends to decline among older adults.	False.
Older people are much happier if they are allowed to disengage from society.	False.
Geriatrics is a speciality in American medicine.	True.
All medical schools now require students to take courses in geriatrics and gerontology .	False.
Abuse of older adults is not a significant problem in the US.	False.
Grandparents today take less responsibility for rearing grandchildren than ever before.	False.
Older persons take longer to recover from physical and psychological stress.	True
Most older adults consider their health to be good.	True.
Older females exhibit better health care practices than older males.	True.
Research has shown that old age truly begins at 65.	False.
Lifespan is the	theoretical limit on the length of life. Estimated to be 115-120 years.
Life Expectancy is	usually calculated at birth as the number of years a person is expected to live. Influenced by DOB, gender, race, culture, and health behaviors, environment.
Random aging occurs when	cells malfunction, become damaged, or change function and die, such as in DNA cross-linking, normal wear and tear, and oxidative damage.
Programmed (genetic) aging occurs when	we are 'born to die' such as our biological clock, genetic theory, or with caloric restriction.
Theory that gradual accumulation of random DNA mutations leads to accelerated aging.	DNA cross-linking, random aging.
Views the body as a machine, links to metabolic rate-highly active cells/ organism might wear out more quickly.	Normal wear and tear (environmental theory), random aging.
Believes once you burn up a fixed number of calories the organism dies.	Normal wear and tear (environmental theory) - Rate of Living, random aging.
Mitochondrial DNA damage, greater cell apoptosis and turnover, shortening of telomeres. Free radicals formed in cells can initiate a chain reaction and damage lipid molecules, enzymes, and nucleic acids.	Reactive Oxygen Species (Free Radical Theory)
Organism is weakened over time related to changes in the nervous, immune or endocrine/hormonal systems, hypothalamus function decline, immune system malfunction.	Biological clock, preprogrammed decline, programmed aging.
Lifespan is consistent across species, relationship between time it takes to reach sexual maturity and how long they live after (once they have passed on genes to next generation). May be controlled/regulated by telomeres.	Genetic Theory, programmed aging.
Random and programmed aging are linked by	external conditions that alter expression of genes.
The inflammation and immune theory and the free radical theory are related because they both are mechanisms of senescence which relates to the ability of an organism to cope with stressors as well as because they both	put added stress upon the body.
Free radical damage is caused by	UV light, diet, cigarettes, and normal cell metabolic processes.
Free radicals can be repaired by	antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, as well as enzymes, and DNA repair mechanisms.
By changing our lifestyle to decrease free radicals studies have shown we can increase our	longevity, but have little effect on the aging process.
Cell turnover relates to aspects of random and programmed aging because	cellular damage is a causative factor of aging so environmental factors influence the aging process, this cell damage occurs through both random aging, as well as programmed aging.
Lipofuscin is	color found in the cytoplasm of aged cells and is thought to interfere with lysosomes. May play a roll in macular degeneration, may play a roll in apoptosis of lysosomes and interfere with cell recycling. Relevant to random aging and free radical theory.

Low vitamin C and E may cause increased lipid per oxidation, which leads to cross linked lipids and proteins and the creation of lipofuscin which is considered a	reliable marker of age although levels can be manipulated.
Random and programmed aging are linked by	external conditions that alter expression of genes.
Inflammation theory believes	aging is accelerated once a threshold of inflammation is reached.
The biopsychosocial aging perspective includes the following factors	biological, psychological, and sociological factors. Psychological and sociological can be modified. Biological is fixed.
Biological is	the genetic background and physical health.
Psychological is	the cognition and mental health status, as well as general well bineg.
Sociological is the	personal relationships, culture, policy and infrastructure of society.
Ageism is	the systematic labeling and discrimination against older adults.
Ageist language includes	geezer, old biddy, little old lady, over the hill, and older than dirt.
Research shows healthcare professionals are more negative towards older patients because they are	frustrated at not being able to manage older patients as they would like, there is an increased awareness of mortality, and there are increased stereotypes of aging.
Healthcare discrimination includes the elderly	not receiving recommended preventative services, not receiving appropriate screening tests, chemotherapy is underused, clinical trials do not include their age group, mental health care focuses on young people, nursing homes are inadequately staffed.
Social roles change for older adult figures a positive is that they are	looked upon for wisdom and as an authority figure.
A negative impact of the social role for adult figures is that they are	viewed as a burden, seen as a drain especially when resources were scarce.
Sustaining friendships may be harder for older individuals because	friendships can deteriorate based upon poor health and limited access and often new friends ill not be found.
Retirement can be a transformation from daily recognition and involvement to	possible isolation.
Social relationship barriers can exist between	aging couples, aging parents and children, those who were never married or childless, friendships, and grandparenting.
Barriers of socializing can exist for elderly because	opportunities to socialize do decline due to health and mobility, and social relationships can be retained upon need or benefit.
In the US and Western Europe we are individualistic, the needs of the individual are more important than the group and older adults will live	independently as long as possible if they can afford it, and if they are not placing themselves or others in danger, the rights of people with disabilities are important.
In Asia and Pacific Islands societies are collectivist, the needs of the family or group are met before the individual resources of older adults are pooled with	the whole family, activities of daily living are shared and expenses are usually lower, people with disabilities may be seen as an embarrassment. In the Fillipino household youngest daughter is expected to care for the older adult at home until married.
The two stages of Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development that apply to older adults are	Generativity vs. stagnation, and ego integrity vs. despair.
Generativity vs. Stagnation	adults now, we seek to create families, to produce goods, and make meaningful contributions to the welfare of others. This stage lasts all of adulthood.
Ego integrity vs. despair	this last stage is "the harvest" of all the other stages. In old age, the individual comes to terms with "oneness" and has a sense of the order of the world.
Balancing sense of integrity w/ opposing feelings of despair focal challenge of old age, key is vital involvement with external world.	Helen Kivnick: Vital involvement.
Reminiscence psychological process by which the central tasks of old age can be accomplished, review life, achieve integrity and face death, old age is a special period when unique development can take place.	Robert Butler: Life Review and Reminiscence
Transitions inherent in the aging body require new modes of finding meaning. People who age most successfully and with least psychic discomfort invert their previous value hierarchy. Capacity to shift emotional investments from one person to another.	Robert Peck: Cathartic Flexibility
Addresses directly the question "How do we make meaning out of life" , growth always involves the process of differentiation and growth involves both loss and new direction.	Robert Kegan: Constructive developmentalism
Older adults grow and differentiate by moving into new areas of life. As you grow you change and how you make meaning changes as well. Relates back to Erikson's Ego Integrity vs. Despair	Robert Kegan: Constructive developmentalism.
Performed biomedical studies about vast functional differences among octogenarians. Maintain high physical and cognitive function, disease prevention and remain engaged with life. Concluded that we are in large part responsible for the quality of life.	Rowe and Kahn: Successful aging.
Acceptance is last great gift of old age. Experience physical decline alongside great psychological growth. Resiliency, taking pleasure in small moments, and importance of connectedness.	Mary Pipher: Aging is Another Country.
Adult learners differ from children you cannot just give them facts you must guide them to	make their own decision and you must help them lreach their goals.
Factors to address to enhance learning in older individuals include	motivation, reinforcement, retention, and transference.
Adults learn best by	problem solving, by connecting what they know to what they're learning, and by seeing the practical use for it in their lives.
Motivation to learn includes	social relationships, external expectations, social welfare, personal advancement, escape/stimulation, and cognitive interest.
If you are teaching older adults you should start with a foundation of life experiences and knowledge how information will connect,	should be goal oriented, how will information benefit, should be relevancy oriented, how does it apply to their life?, practical, focus on aspect moist useful, need to be shown respect.
Changes within the integumentary system during aging include sun exposure that causes damage, a decrease in collagen and elastin causes wrinkles, skin is more translucent and fragile with age, a decrease in	sensory receptors (pain), a decrease in the number of sweat glands which decrease bodies ability to regulate temperature, a decrease in blood circulation in the skin, a decrease in vitamin D production from sunlight, a decrease in melanocytes, gray hair.
Decrease in melanocytes with aging leads to an increase in	vulnerability to sun damage.
Changes that occur within the nervous system during aging include decrease number of neurons in hippocampus, cerebellum, rap he nucleus, locus ceruleus and nucleus basilis, axons lose	myelin or may become swollen which leads to a decrease in never impulse velocity and decrease in reaction time. Imbalance of neurotransmitters.
Changes that occur within the nervous system during aging include being susceptible to atherosclerosis because of decreased blood flow, a decrease in memory and a decrease in	locomotor function, changes in sleep patterns including a decrease in deep sleep which is thought to be the most rejuvenating.
Changes in aging that effect the nervous system include effect on intelligence and an increase in	crystalized intelligence and a decrease in fluid. More decision making time and favor a slow, deliberate approach to tasks.
Changes in the sensory system during aging on vision include	thickening of the eye lens due to a need for more light, reduced visual acuity which leads to cataract formation, difficulty focusing on nearby objects, iris muscle atrophy, increased lipofuscin in retina.
Changes in the sensory system during aging on hearing include	40% older adults over 63 and 64% over 85 have some hearing loss, affects men more, high frequency vs. low frequency, loss is gradual, cause of social isolation, hearing aids helpful but expensive.
Changes in the sensory system during aging on taste and smell include a	decrease in taste buds, decrease in sense of bitter and salt, west and sour remain the same, higher threshold for some tastes ad smells, problems may be compounded by meds, loss of taste makes eating less enjoyable.
Changes in the sensory system on balance and equilibrium during aging include	a possible decrease in all areas, vertigo and dizziness experienced by some but other factors such as meds or hypotension, appropriate interventions can be made.
Changes in the respiratory system during aging include forced vital capacity declines with age, decrease in efficient gas exchange,	elastin fibers in lungs are altered, lungs lose elastic recoil, small bronchioles collapse during exhalation obstructs airflow and traps air in alveoli, decrease in amount of oxygen in blood, decrease in total lung capacity increase residual lung volume.
Changes in the respiratory system during aging include the rig cage	stiffening, external intercostal muscles and accessory muscles of inhalation have trouble expanding rib cage, dyspnea, don't impair activities of daily living but exercise tolerance may be limited.
Changes in the hematalogic system during aging include	inadequate production or premature destruction of red blood counts, high prevalence of anemia, hypo proliferative anemia due to inadequate iron and excessive bleeding, anemia of inflammation and ineffective erythropoiesis and megaloblasic anemia.
An inadequate production or premature destruction of red blood counts is not necessarily a	normal process of aging, bone marrow cannot keep up as well if increased red blood count production is required.
Changes in the lymphatic and immune systems during aging include a decrease in the number of	functioning lymphocytes, decrease in overall immune function, decrease in T helper and T killer cells, increase in infectious disease, and a decrease in the number and function of natural killer cells.
Older individuals are more susceptible to viruses, cancer, and infections because of the decrease in	helper T cells which are important for both cell mediated and humoral immunity.
Changes in the lymphatic and immune systems during aging include a decrease in the number and function of	B cells, a decrease in the ability to make antibodies, a greater resonse of existing antibodies to vaccines, a greater ability to repair ABNL cells, greater risk for cancer and infection, a greater risk for autoimmune disease, altered surveillance.
Older adults are at a higher risk for cancer and infection due to	an increase in the ability to repair ABNL cells.
Older adults are at a higher risk for autoimmune disease due to	the ability of cells to identify self from non self.
Changes with the digestive system in the mouth and esophagus during aging include	yellowing of teeth and cavities, tooth loss, gum recession, decrease in saliva, and difficulty swallowing.
Changes with the digestive system in the stomach during aging include	decreased HCL, helicobacter pylori, peptic ulcers and gastritis, and stomach cancer.
Changes with the digestive system in the small intestine during aging include	decreased calcium, vitamin D and iron absorption, decreased intrinsic factor, increase in gallstones, increase in steatorrhea, and decreasing detoxifying capacity of the liver.
Changes with the digestive system in the large intestine during aging include	increased diverticulosis, decreased motility of smooth muscle, constipation or fecal incontinence.
Changes in aging with the genitourinary system include a decrease of	nephrons and increase in renal failure, increase in water loss, decrease in drug excretion, a change in urine production nocturne, decrease in bladder capacity, urinary incontinence postmenopausal women.
Changes in aging with the genitourinary system system for females include	hormonal changes of menopause, can no longer bear children, internal organs become smaller, vaginal walls thin, less natural lubrication.
Changes in aging with the genitourinary system for males include	a decrease in the number of viable sperm, erectile dysfunction and prostate enlargement.
Changes in aging with the endocrine system include	ABNL glucose tolerance, decrease in thyroid hormone, decrease in BMR, decrease in aldosterone, changes in cortisol and changes in insulin sensitvity.
Changes in aging within the endocrine system for males include that they may see a decrease in	testosterone levels but variable, prescription available if andropause occurs.
Changes in aging within the endocrine system for women include a dramatic decrease in	estrogen due to menopause, an increase risk for bone loss and CVD, HRT controversial and a prescription available to help wi side effects of menopause.
Adrenal glands still make	androgen which is converted to estrogen and testosterone so complete lack of either hormone is rare.
Changes in aging within the musculoskeletal system include	musculoskeletal dysfunction which alters mobility and fine motor control, mechanics of respiration and digestion, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and sarcopenia.
Sarcopenia is	age related decline of muscle mass, this is due to a decrease in skeletal muscle fibers and a decrease in skeletal muscle fiber size.
Arthritis causes limitation in	mobility and leads to less ability to perform self care.
Sarcopenia is improved with	resistance training.
Changes in the cardiovascular system due to aging include an increase in	lipofuscin and damaged mitochondrial DNA, increase in adipose tissue in and around the heart, and fibrosis of endocardium. Decreased cardiac output, decreased efficiency of muscle and decrease of responsiveness to sympathetic nervous system.
Maximum heart rate	decreases with age, change is prominent upon exertion.
Changes in the cardiovascular system due to aging include heart valves	stiffen, coronary arteries become twisted, decree in pacemaker cells, arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity, gradual increase in blood pressure, distortion in some veins such as varicose veins and hemorrhoids, blood flow to organs decreases.

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