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Audiology
Chapters 1, 2, & 3 Intro. to Audiology 11ed
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An organization founded in 1988, of, by, and for audiologists | AAA (founded) |
| An organization that adopted the new discipline of audiology in 1947, providing audiology with its first professional home (Abbrev.) | ASHA |
| The treatment of those with hearing loss that has begun after birth, usually after speech and language development, to improve over all communication ability | Aural Rehabilitation |
| The branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the ear and related structures. | Otology |
| The number of existing cases of disease or disorder in a given population at a given time. | Prevalence |
| medical, pediatric, industrial, educational, hearing aid dispensing/rehabilitative | Audiology Specialties |
| American Auditory Society, American Academy of Audiology, Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Academy of Dispensing Audiologists | Professional Associations |
| The prevalence of hearing loss | increases with age |
| At its origin, audiology pooled its knowledge base from | speech pathology, otology, psychology |
| The organization that provided the first 'home' of the profession of audiology was (spelled out) | American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (home) |
| The impact of hearing loss | is greater for more severe hearing loss, may create an economic burden in excess of one million dollars across an individual's lifetime, can also affect social maturation |
| The word audiology | combines the Latin root, "audire," with the Greek suffix, "logos," is often reported to have been coined by the "Father of Audiology," Dr. Raymond Carhart, means the study of hearing |
| The most common occupational disease according to NIOSH | noise induced hearing loss |
| The third largest employment affiliation for audiologists is | private practice |
| A consumer oriented association for those with hearing loss | SHHH |
| An audiology sub-specialty that works to protect workers' hearing | industrial audiology |
| Largely regarded as the 'Father of Audiology' | Raymond Carhart |
| One of the primary, yet avoidable, causes of insidious hearing loss | noise exposure |
| Association that first set forth the notion of audiology as a doctoral level profession | ADA |
| A document outlining the purview of profession | scope of practice |
| Training for those with hearing loss that is acquired after the development of spoken language | aural rehabilitation |
| National association devoted exclusively to audiology concerns | AAA (concerns) |
| The first professional home for audiologists (Abbrev.)** | ASHA ** |
| An audiology subspecialty that works closely with the schools | educational audiology |
| Medical subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and the treatment of diseases of the ear | otology |
| ________ developed from the professions of otology and speech-language pathology | Audiology |
| A founder of audiology, often called the "father of audiology," is | Dr. Raymond Carhart |
| Two professional documents that govern the practice of audiology are the | scope of practice & code of ethics |
| The entry-level degree for the profession of audiology is | Doctor of Audiology (AU.D.) |
| The credential required for the practice of audiology in the U.S. | state license |
| The two organizations most closely associated with audiology are | American Academy of Audiology, and the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association |
| Hearing loss in children is a concern only due to the possible impact on communication.* | False* |
| Ear infections in children | may or may not be the only cause of hearing loss |
| List three areas that are impacted by hearing loss in adults besides hearing sensitivity | general health, psychological well-belling, generated income |
| The work of audiologists in areas of noise are called | industrial audiology |
| Why is it important for SLP's to have a working knowledge of audiology? | Hearing loss in children directly relates to speech & language development, older adult's age-related communication disorders. Frequent coexistence of hearing disorders and speech/language problems. |
| List the specialty areas of audiology and the types of employment settings in which they may be practiced | medical - community/regional hospitals, education - schools, Dispensing/Rehabilitative - hospitals, Industrial - part-time contracted consultants, Recreational/Animal, Pediatric |
| What purpose do professional societies serve for the profession of audiology and its practitioners? | set standards for the practice and accreditation of academic programs. ASHA- education/professional & scientific journals. Advancement of audio logical services. |
| Evolution of Audiology (part 1) | Prior WWII, hearing-care services were provided by physicians and commercial hearing aid dealers. Hearing protection wasn't that common. |
| Evolution of Audiology (part 2) | As a result of WWII many servicemen had hearing problems, which led to the development of otology, and SLP in a military-based aural rehabilitation centers. |
| Evolution of Audiology (part 3) | As a result of servicemen with hearing issues, they thought it would be a good idea to offer SLP & other services to the public. |
| Evolution of Audiology (part 4) | Audiology developed rapidly as a profession soon after U.S., is somehow seen as the model of practice for this field. |
| Discuss the economic burden hearing loss presents to society | American families loosing $100 bil. in annual income by failing to treat hearing problems. Costs - educational programs rehabilitation services for those with permanent hearing loss and lost income when hearing impairment truncates one's earning potential |
| What is the difference between a license to practice and one's professional certification? | Certification is not a legal requirement for the practice of audiology. A license to practice audiology or professional registration as an audiologist is a legal requirement to practice the profession of audiology |
| Name the three main parts of the ear | outer ear, middle ear, inner ear |
| What is the connection between the inner ear and the brain? | auditory nerve |
| What are the three main types of hearing loss? | Conductive, sensory/neural, mixed |
| Every tuning fork is designed to vibrate at a single | frequency |
| the Schwabach test is designed to compare the patient's hearing by bone conduction, to.. | the examiner's hearing by bone conduction |
| The Rinne test is designed to compare the patient's hearing by.. | the patients hearing by air conduction to his/her hearing by bone conduction |
| The Bing test determines the presence of the | occlusion effect, the perception of increased loudness of bone-conducted tone with the outer ear is occluded. |
| The Weber test is one of | lateralization |
| What information is derived from bone conduction that cannot be inferred from air conduction? | Air conduction is tested by using an earphone of some sort. Bone conduction tests only part of the system, cochlea. |
| Why is it a good idea to use more than one tuning-fork when doing tuning-fork tests? | by using forks with various properties, hearing sensitivity through several pitch ranges may be sampled. Several forks are available that usually correspond to notes on the musical scale of C. |
| Why are statements regarding the results of different tuning-fork tests limited to the pitch of the fork used? | Because hearing sensitivity is often different for different pitches. |
| What is implied if a person's hearing sensitivity is reduced by air conduction but is normal by bone conduction? | If patients have a conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is normal, they will hear the tone for at least as long as the examiner, sometimes longer. |
| What are some of the problems with tuning-fork tests? | If the fork is struck against too solid an object, dropped, or otherwise abused, its vibrations may be altered. Hearing sensitivity is often different for different pitches amongst people. Tuning forks, assume that the examiner has normal hearing. |
| What is the Stenger principle? | It states that if two tones that are identical in all ways except loudness are introduced simultaneously into both ears, only the louder tone will be perceived |
| Air conduction (define) | the course of sounds that are conducted to the inner ear by way of the outer and middle ear |
| Attenuation (define) | reduction in energy |
| Audiology (define) | reference to the sense of hearing |
| Auditory nerve (define) | the VIII cranial nerve connecting the inner ear with the brain |
| Bone conduction (define) | transmission of sound to the inner ear by vibration of the bones of the skull |
| Cochlea (define) | the portion of the inner ear responsible for the hearing function |
| conductive hearing loss (define) | the loss of sound sensitivity because of damage to the outer or middle ear |
| Inner ear (define) | the portion of the hearing apparatus that converts mechanical energy to electrochemical energy |
| Lateralization (define) | these sense that a sound is in the right or left ear |
| Mastoid process (define) | the bony prominence behind the outer ear |
| Middle ear (define) | the air-filled cavity behind the eardrum membrane that holds the three smallest bones of the body |
| Mixed hearing loss (define) | the sum of a combination of conductive and sensor-neural hearing losses in the same ear |
| Outer ear (define) | the most external portion of the hearing mechanism |
| Sensorineural hearing loss (define) | loss of hearing because of damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve |
| Stenger Principle (define) | a tone presented to both ears simultaneously is perceived only in the ear in which is louder |
| Auditory nerve carries impulses to the... | brain |
| The inner ear is a... | snail-like structure, transducer |
| The middle ear is an air filled space with a... | mucous membrane lining, eardrum membrane, & also contains the tiniest bones on the body |
| the outer ear is an external ear canal... | that is funnel-shaped structure, open air-filled space |
| When air conduction is normal and bone conduction is normal, the interpretation is | normal hearing |
| the bone-conduction pathway is the | inner ear, auditory nerve |
| The conductive mechanism is comprised of the | outer and middle ear |
| The sensorineural mechanism is comprised of | inner ear and auditory nerve |
| the transducer of the inner ear | is the cochlea |
| The way an organism is made | anatomy |
| relating to the sense of hearing | auditory |
| the way an organism functions | physiology |
| sound travels through air in the form of | waves |
| three types of waves discussed in this book are | transverse, longitudinal & sine |
| Waves are described as a series of | compressions & refractions |
| The two major effects on frequency are | mass & stiffness |
| The velocity of sound is its | speed |
| Formula for wave length is | W = v/f |
| The number of bear per second is determined by the difference between two | frequencies |
| The lowest frequency of vibration in a complex sound is called the | fundamental frequency |
| formant frequencies of the human voice are determined by the | vocal tract |
| two sine waves may be contrasted by their differences in | frequency, intensity & phase (relationship in time between two or more waves) |
| Decibels cannot be simply added or subtracted because they are | logarithmic |
| the decibel reference on audiometers is | hearing level (HL) |
| Any discussion of decibels must include their | reference |
| The psychological correlate of frequency/ the subjective impression of the highness and lowness of a sound's frequency is | pitch |
| the ability to localize sound requires that the individual have | similar hearing in both ears |
| the threshold shift of one sound that is caused by the introduction of a second sound is called | masking |
| Audiometer earphones are used to test hearing by air... | conduction |
| An oscillator is placed on the forehead or mastoid to test hearing by bone... | conduction |
| The decibel reference used in sound-level meters is | sound-pressure level |
| Pure Tone (define) | a tone of only frequency with no overtones |
| Describe the Weber Test | A tuning-fork test to determine whether a bone-conducted tone is heard in the right, left or both ears. |
| In Depth Look at: Rinne Test | compares AC sensitivity to BC, frequency must be specified, louder by AC means normal or sensorineural loss, louder by BC means conductive loss, stem held against mastoid, tine held to ear |
| In Depth Look at: Schwabach Test | compares patient's BC hearing to examiners, frequency must be specified, stem held against forehead |
| In Depth Look at: Bing Test | absence of occlusion effect means conductive hearing loss, frequency must be specified, presence of OE means normal hearing or sensorineural hearing, outer ear is occluded, stem held against forehead |
| In Depth Look at: Weber Test | frequency must be specified, heard in better ear in sensorineural hearing loss, hear in poorer ear in conductive loss, stem held against forehead |
| the extent of the vibratory movement of a mass to the point furthest from its position of rest/ maximum extent of vibratory movement | amplitude (define) |
| a waveform that does not repeat itself over time | aperiodic wave (define) |
| periodic variations of the amplitude of a tone caused by a second tone slightly different frequency | beats (define) |
| a unit of expressing ratios in base 10 logarithms | Bel (define) |
| the constant colliding movement of molecules in a medium | Brownian motion (define) |
| reduction in amplitude to zero because of interaction of two tones 180 degrees out of phase | cancellation (define) |
| a pure-tone constituent of a complex wave | component (define) |
| the portion of a sound wave where molecules become more dense | compression (define) |
| a sound wave representing simple harmonic motion that begins at 90 or 270 degrees | cosine wave (define) |
| progressive lessening in the amplitude of a vibrating body | damping (define) |
| the frequency of a tone produced by two tones of slightly different frequency | difference tone (define) |
| a unit of force just sufficient to accelerate a mass of 1 gram at 1 cm per second squared | Dyne (define) |
| the ability of a mass to return to its natural shape | elasticity (define) |
| a logarithm | exponent (define) |
| the impetus required to increase the velocity of a vibrating body | force (define) |
| the number of complete oscillations of a vibrating body per unit of time | frequency (define) |
| the lowest frequency of vibration in a complex wave | fundamental frequency (define) |
| a whole-number multiple of the fundamental frequency of a complex wave | harmonic (define) |
| the amount of energy per unit of area | intensity (define) |
| the exponent that tells the power to which a number is raised | Logarithm (define) |
| a unit of pitch measurement | Mel (define) |
| a pressure equal to one-millionth of standard atmospheric pressure | microbar (define) |
| a force equal to 100,000 dynes | Newton (define) |
| the difference between tones separated by a frequency ratio of 2:1 | Octave (define) |
| the to-and-fro movements of a mass | oscillation (define) |
| like a harmonic but numbered differently | overtone (define) |
| a unit of pressure equal to 1 Newtwon per meter square | Pascal (define) |
| the duration of one cycle of vibration | period (define) |
| a waveform that repeats itself over time | Periodic wave (define) |
| the relationship in time between two or more waves | phase (define) |
| a unit of loudness LEVEL | Phon (define) |
| the portion of a sound wave where the molecules become less dense | rarefaction (define) |
| the ability of a mass to vibrate at a particular frequency with minimum external force | resonance (define) |
| the waveform of a pure tone showing simple harmonic motion | Sinusoid (define) |
| a unit of loudness MEASUREMENT | Sone (define) |
| the speed of a sound wave in a given direction | velocity (define) |
| a unit of power | Watt (define) |
| a series of moving impulses set up by a vibration | wave (define) |
| the distance between the same points on two successive cycles of a tone & sound velocity divided by frequency | wavelength (define) |
| Categories: Physics of Sound Waves | complex waves, longitudinal, sine, transverse |
| Categories: Vibrations | forced vibration, free vibration |
| Categories: Frequency | cycles per second, Hertz, length effects, mass effects |
| Categories: Intensity | Decibel, power, pressure, work |
| Categories: Physics of Sound Decibels | hearing level, sensation level, sound-pressure level |
| Categories: Spectrum | fourier analysis (analysis breaks a complex wave into its components) |
| Categories: Psychological Acoustics | loudness, pitch, quality |
| Units: Force | Dyne (dyn), Newton (N) |
| Units: Intensity | Watt per centimeter squared (W/cm2), Watt per meter squared (W/m2) |
| Units: Length | centimeter (cm), meter (m) |
| Units: Area | centimeter squared (cm2), meter squared (m2) |
| Units: Acceleration | centimeter per second squared (cm/s2), meters per second squared (m/s2) |
| The log of 1 is... | 0 |
| the velocity of sound in air is said to be... | 1130ft/sec |
| the quality of a sound is also called its... | timbre |
| the joule is a unit of... | work |
| masking may take place when... | the masker precedes the signal, the masker and signal coexist in time, the signal precedes the masker |
| The IL of a sound is 50 db. Its intensity output is... | 10^(-7) watt/m^2 |
| sounds we hear may be the result of... | reflecting waves, composite waves, incident waves |
| Acceleration is... | velocity divided by time |
| Sound intensity... | decreases inversely as a function of the square of the distance of the source |
| The condition in which air molecules are packed most tightly together is called the... | compression |
| in the propagation of a sound, as air molecules are moved further from each other, they are said to be... | rarefied |
| the period of a 100 Hz Tone is... | 1/100 sec |
| When the expression intensity level (L) is used, this means that the reference is not... | 0.0002 dyn/cm^2 |
| When the expression sound-pressure level (SPL) is used, this means that the reference is... | 20 micropascals |
| if the firth harmonic of a sound is 500 Hz, the fundamental frequency is... | 100 Hz |
| At its resonant frequency, a mass vibrates... | with the least amount of applied energy |
| the velocity of sound is... | greater in denser media |
| a SPLof a sound with a pressure output of 200 micropascals is... | 20 dB |
| the sensation level is... | number of decibels above the threshold of an individual |
| a unit of work... | ERG |
| complete sequence of events of a sine wave through 360 degrees... | cycle |
| a unit of impedance... | OHM |
| a short-term echo... | reverberation |
| kind of wave showing simple harmonic motion... | SINE |
| concentration of energy in the spectrum of a vowel... | formant |
| the ration between two sound pressures or two sound powers... | decibel |
| lowest intensity at which a sound can be heard... | threshold |
| one thing that should always be specified when reporting the results of tuning-for tests is the... | frequency of the fork |
| in unilateral conductive hearing loss, the Weber test will result in the sound being heard in the... | poorer ear |
| a patient has a severe sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear and a normal hearing in the right ear. Results on the Rinne test would be... | left false negative, right positive |
| Based on the proposition that your patient has a moderate conductive hearing loss in the left ear and a moderate sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear - results on the Bing test should be... | positive right, negative left |
| a normal Schwabach can mean... | normal hearing or conductive hearing loss |
| based on the proposition that your patient has a moderate conductive hearing loss in the left ear and a moderate sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear. Results on Rinne test should be... | false negative right, negative left |
| based on the proposition that your patient has a moderate conductive hearing loss in the left ear and a moderate sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear - if masking is used in the non-test ear, results on the Schwabach should be... | diminished right, prolonged left |
| in bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, the tuning fork tests will theoretically show... | Bing positive; Rinne positive |
| a problem that tuning-fork tests have in common with any measurement made by bone conduction is that... | the patient may feel the vibrations, the pressure against the skull is variable, the non-test ear may hear the tone by bone conduction |
| the portion of the tuning fork held by the examiner and pressed against the skull... | stem |
| a tuning-fork test involving lateralization... | tines |
| Test Wednesday 10/15/2014 You may make a 3x5 notecard and write on both sides with whatever information you would like. | Test Wednesday 10/15/2014 You may make a 3x5 notecard and write on both sides with whatever information you would like. |
Created by:
brazil
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