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Chapter 16 Part 1
AP Euro - Absolutism
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolutism | Derived from the traditional assumption of power and the belief in "divine right of kings" |
| Jean Bodin | Among the first to provide a theoretical basis for absolutist states. Believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the government |
| Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan | Pessimistic view of human beings in a state of nature: Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short strong Anarchy results Central drive in every person is power |
| Bishop Bossuet | Principle advocate of "divine right of kings" in France during the reign of Louis XIV. Believed "divine right" meant that the king was placed on throne by God, and therefore owed his authority to no man or group |
| “Divine Right” of kings | The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin |
| First Estate | clergy; 1% of population |
| Second Estate | nobility; 3-4% of population |
| Third Estate | middle class, artisans, urban workers, and peasants. |
| Henry IV | Laid the foundation for France becoming the strongest European power in the 17th century First king of the Bourbon Dynasty Weakening of the nobility |
| Bourbon Dynasty | Royal family that ruled France |
| Nobility of the Sword | Old Nobility, not allowed to influence the royal council anymore. |
| Nobility of the Robe | New nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in the government and remained loyal to the king |
| Duke of Sully | Finance minister A. His reforms enhanced the power of the monarchy B. Mercantilism C. Reduced Royal Debt D. Reformed the tax system to make it more equitable and efficient E. Oversaw improved transportation |
| Louis XIII | As a youth, his regency was beset by corruption and mismanagement A. Feudal nobles and princes increased their power B. Certain nobles convinced him to assume power and exile his mother |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Laid foundation for absolutism in France He was a politique He used the Intendant system |
| Politique | A person who places political issues ahead of religious principles |
| Intendant system | Used to weaken the nobility Replaced local officials with civil servants |
| Louis XIV, “Sun King” | Quintessential absolute ruler in European history Personified the idea that sovereignty of the state resides in the ruler Strong believer in "divine right" of kings He had the longest reign in European history |
| “L’ état, c’est moi” | I am the state |
| Fronde | a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635. |
| Cardinal Mazarin | Controlled France while Louis XIV was a child |
| Corvee | Forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects |
| Versailles Palace | Under Louis XIV, this became the grandest and most impressive palace in all of Europe |
| Edict of Fontainebleau | 1685 - Revoked the Edict of Nantes |
| Jansenists | Catholics who held some Calvinist ideas |
| Mercantilism | State control over a country's economy in order to achieve a favorable balance in trade with other countries |
| Bullionism | A nation's policy of accumulating as much precious metal(gold and silver)as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | His goal was economic self-sufficiency for France |
| Balance of Power | No one would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coalition of other countries would rally a threatening power. Dutch stadtholder William of Orange was the most important figure in thwarting Louis' expansionism |
| War of the League of Augsburg | In response to another invasion of the Spanish Netherlands by Louis XIV in 1683, the League of Augsburg formed in 1686. Demonstrated emergence of balance of power William of Orange(now king of England)brought England in against France |
| War of Spanish Succession | Cause:The will of Charles II gave all Spanish territories to the grandson of Louis XIV. Grand Alliance emerged in opposition to France Battle of Blenheim |
| Treaty of Utrecht | Maintained the balance of power in Europe Ended the expansionism of Louis XIV Spanish possessions were partitioned Though Louis' grandson was enthroned in Spain, the unification of the Spanish and Bourbon dynasties were prohibited |
| Philip II | Allowed Spain's power to reach its zenith Along with Charles V, he laid the foundation for absolutism in Spain |
| Escorial | Palace that was used to demonstrate Philip II's power |
| "Price Revolution” | Inflation from this hurt domestic industries that were unable to export goods. |
| Spanish Armada | The Spanish a fleet of warships. Lost to England in 1588, this loss has been seen as the decline of the Spanish empire |
| Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 | 1659 - marked end of Spain as a Great Power |
| Baroque | Reflected the age of absolutism Began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church |
| Bernini | Personified baroque architecture and sculpture |
| Schönbrunn | Built in Austria in response to the Versailles Palace by Habsburg emperor Leopold I |
| Winter Palace | Built largely on the influence of Versailles, in St. Petersburg, Russia by Peter the Great. |
| Caravaggio, tenebrism | Italian painter Depicted highly emotional scenes Perhaps 1st important painter of the Baroque era |
| Peter Paul Rubens | Flemish painter Worked much for the Habsburg court in Brussels Emphasized color and sensuality Nearly half of his works dealt with Christian subjects |
| Diego Velázquez | Perhaps the greatest court painter of the era Numerous portraits of the Spanish court and their surroundings |
| Artemisia Gentileschi | Famous for vivid depictions of dramatic scenes and her "Judith" paintings |
| Dutch Style | Did not fit Baroque style of trying to overwhelm the viewer Reflected the Dutch Republic's wealth and religious toleration of secular subjects Reflected the urban and rural settings of Dutch life during the Golden Age of the Netherlands |
| Rembrandt | Painter Perhaps the greatest of all Baroque artists although he doesn't fit neatly into any category Scenes covered an enormous range throughout his career used extremes of light in the Baroque style |
| Jan Vermeer | Paintings of ordinary people in simple scenes |
| French Classicism | Time period that had artwork from the French |
| Nicolas Poussin | painter Paintings rationally organized to achieve harmony and balance Focused early on classical scenes from antiquity or Biblical scenes Later focused on landscape paintings Not typical baroque |
| Jean Baptiste Racine | Dramatist His plays were often funded by Louis XIV Plays were written in the classical style Wrote some of the most intense emotional works for the stage |
| Moliere | Dramatist His plays often focused on social struggles Made fun of the aristocracy, upper bourgeoisie and higher church officials |
| J.S. Bach | Greatest of the baroque composers Often wrote dense and polyphonic structures Wrote in a variety of genes, both choral and instrumental Extremely prolific |
Created by:
Jrod42
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