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QDM Exam #2
Ch. 5
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Total Quality Management (TQM) | An integrated effort designed to improve quality performance at every level of the organization. |
Customer-defined Quality | The meaning of quality as designed by the customer. |
Conformance to Specifications | How well a product or service meets the targets and tolerances determined by its designers. |
Fitness for Use | A definition of quality that evaluates how well the product performs for its intended use. |
Value for Price Paid | Quality defined in terms of product or service usefulness for the price paid. |
Support services | Quality defined in terms of the support provided after the product or service is purchased. |
Psychological Criteria | A way of defining quality that focuses on judgmental evaluations of what constitutes product or service excellence. |
Prevention Costs | Costs incurred in the process of preventing poor quality from occurring. |
Appraisal Costs | Costs incurred in the process of uncovering defects. |
Internal Failure Costs | Costs associated with discovering poor product quality before the product reaches the customer. |
External Failure Costs | Costs associated with quality problems that occur at the customer site. |
Robust Design | A design that results in a product that can perform over a wide range of conditions. |
Taguchi Loss Function | Costs of quality increase as a quadratic function as conformance values move away from the target. |
Continuous Improvement (Kaizen) | A philosophy of never-ending improvement. |
Kaizen | A Japanese term that describes the notion of a company continually striving to be better through learning and problem solving. |
Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) Cycle | A diagram that describes the activities that need to be performed to incorporate continuous improvement into the operation. |
Benchmarking | Studying the business practices of other companies for purposes of comparison. |
Quality Circle | A team of volunteer production employees and their supervisors who meet regularly to solve quality problems. |
Cause-and-Effect Diagram | A chart that identifies potential causes of particular quality problems. |
Flowchart | A schematic of the sequence of steps involved in an operation or process. |
Checklist | A list of common defects an the number of observed occurrences of these defects. |
Control Charts | Charts used to evaluate whether a process is operating within set expectations. |
Scatter Diagrams | Graphs that show how two variables are related to each other. |
Pareto Analysis | A technique used to identify quality problems based on their degree of importance. |
Histogram | A chart that shows the frequency distribution of observed values of a variable. |
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) | A tool used to translate the preferences of the customer into specific technical requirements. |
Reliability | The probability that a product, service, or part will perform as intended. |
Quality at the source | The belief that it is best to uncover the source of quality problems and eliminate it. |
Deming Prize | A Japanese award given to companies to recognize efforts in quality improvement. |
ISO 9000 | A set of international quality standards and a certification demonstrating that companies have met all the standards specified. |
ISO 14000 | A set of international standards and a certification focusing on a company's environmental responsibility. |
Management Systems | Standards that measure systems development and integration of environmental responsibility into the overall business. |
Operations | Standards that include the measurement of consumption of natural resources and energy. |
Environmental Systems | Standards that measure emissions, effluents, and other waste systems. |