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Which of the following is NOT a property of life? Energy utilization, Movement, Order, Homeostasis
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Which is the correct order of hierarchical levels of living systems?
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Biology Final
Everything everything
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is NOT a property of life? Energy utilization, Movement, Order, Homeostasis | Although many things that are alive move, not all things that move are alive. |
| Which is the correct order of hierarchical levels of living systems? | Cellular, organismal, population, community, ecosystem |
| The process of inductive reasoning involves— | The use of specific observations to develop general principles. Inductive reasoning represents the synthesis of information to form a possible explanation (hypothesis) that will apply to all cases. |
| A hypothesis in biology is best described as— | a possible explanation of an observation. A hypothesis represents a scientist’s “best guess” about how the world works. |
| What is the significance of Pasteur’s experiment to test the germ hypothesis? | It demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells. The germ hypothesis proposed that life only comes from life—or in this case, cells come from preexisting cells. |
| A scientific theory is— | a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data. Scientific theories are based on evidence and are open to revision as new evidence is gathered through the process of scientific discover |
| How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection? | Artificial selection is a result of human intervention. Artificial selection occurs when humans control the breeding and survival of organisms with the goal of enhancing one or more desirable traits. |
| How does the fossil record help support the theory of evolution by natural selection? | It demonstrates that simple organisms predate more complex organisms.The fossil record does show the change from simpler to more complex forms over time. This supports a prediction of evolution by natural selection |
| The theory of evolution by natural selection is a good example of how science proceeds because— | It demonstrates that simple organisms predate more complex organisms.It provides evidence of change in the form of organisms over time. |
| How does the field of molecular genetics help support the concept of evolution? | Comparisons of genes demonstrate a relationship between all living things. |
| The cell theory states— | all living things are made up of cells |
| The molecule DNA is important to biological systems because— | it encodes the information for making a new individual |
| In which domain of life would you find only single-celled organisms? | Bacteria and Archaea include single-celled organisms |
| Evolutionary conservation occurs when a characteristic is— | important to the life of the organism. |
| A sign stimulus, innate releasing mechanism, fixed action pattern, and supernormal stimuli— | are components of behaviors that are innate. Each of the terms listed refers to components of behaviors that are notable in the lack of a role of learning and the apparent inflexible control of an innate mechanism (genes). |
| In operant conditioning— | an animals learns that a particular behavior leads to a reward or punishment. |
| The study of song development in sparrows showed that— | there are two components to this behavior—a genetic template and learning. |
| The difference between following a set of driving directions given to you by somebody on the street (for example, “… take a right at the next light, go four blocks and turn left…” etc.) and using a map to find your destination is the difference between— | orientation and navigation, respectively |
| One of most important differences between signaling in courtship and that in territorial marking is that— | the former is always species-specific |
| Behavioral ecology assumes— | behavioral traits are subject to natural selection |
| According to optimal foraging theory— | a higher energy item might be less valuable than a lower energy item if it takes too much time to capture the larger item |
| The showy tail feathers of a male peacock evolved because they— | improve reproductive success |
| From the perspective of females, extra-pair copulations (epc)— | might be beneficial if the benefit gained from an epc mate outweighs the cost |
| In the haplodiploidy system of sex determination, males are— | haploid |
| According to kin selection, saving the life of your __________________ would do the least for increasing your inclusive fitness. | sister-in-law |
| Altruism— | will only occur when the fitness benefit of a given act is greater than the fitness cost |
| When individuals respond physiologically to an environmental change— | differences among individuals could lead to evolution by natural selection |
| Geographic ranges of populations— | are affected by the distribution and abundance of predators,respond to long-term climatic changes |
| Source–sink metapopulations are distinct from other types of metapopulations because— | populations with negative growth rates are a part of the former |
| I would expect the potential for social interactions among individuals to be maximized when individuals— | have a clumped distribution in their environment |
| When ecologists talk about the cost of reproduction they mean— | the reduction in future reproductive output as a consequence of current reproduction |
| A life history trade-off between clutch size and offspring size— | means that as clutch size increases, offspring size decreases |
| The difference between exponential and logistic growth rates is— | that only logistic growth reflects density-dependent effects on births or deaths |
| Humans are an example of an organism with a type I survivorship curve. This means— | mortality rates are highest for older individuals |
| According to the Population Reference Bureau (2002), the worldwide intrinsic rate of human population growth (r) is currently 1.3%. In the United States, r = 0.6%. How will the U.S. population change relative to the world population? | Both the world and the U.S. populations will grow, but the world population will grow more rapidly. |
| The logistic population growth model, dN/dt = rN[(K – N)/K], describes a population’s growth when an upper limit to growth is assumed. As N approaches (numerically) the value of K— | dN/d approaches 0 |
| Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent effect on population growth? | An extremely hot summer in which cool burrow retreats are fewer than the number of individuals in the population |
| Studies that demonstrate that species living in an ecological community change independently of one another in space and time— | support the individualistic concept of ecological communities |
| If two species have very similar realized niches and are forced to coexist and share a limiting resource indefinitely— | the species that uses the limiting resource most efficiently should drive the other species extinct |
| According to the idea of coevolution between predator and prey, when a prey species evolves a novel defense against a predator | evolution of a predator response should be favored by natural selection |
| In order for mimicry to be effective in protecting a species from predation, it must— | occur such that mimics look and act like models |
| Which of the following is an example of commensalism? | A clownfish living among the tentacles of a sea anemone |
| Oxpeckers’ eating— | noninjurious insects off mammals is an example of commensalisminjurious ectoparasites off mammals is an example of mutualismscabs to so they can feed on a mammal’s blood is an example of parasitism |
| A species whose effect on the composition of a community is greater than expected based on its abundance can be called a— | keystone species |
| When a predator preferentially eats the superior competitor in a pair of competing species— | coexistence of the competing species is more likely |
| Species that are the first colonists in a habitat undergoing primary succession— | may change their habitat in a way that favors the invasion of other species |
| Species diversity of very early and late successional stages— | is expected to be low |
| The fundamental niche of an organism— | is usually less restricted than its realized niche |
| Resource partitioning— | reduces niche overlap |
| Lichen growing on the surface of rocks provides an example of— | tolerance |
| Photosynthetic organisms— | fix carbon dioxiderelease carbon dioxide |
| Nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient in many ecosystems because— | most organisms cannot use nitrogen in its elemental form |
| Some bacteria have the ability to “fix” nitrogen. This means— | they convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into biologically useful forms of nitrogen |
| Which of the following statements about the phosphorous cycle is correct? | Most phosphorous released from rocks is carried to the oceans by rivers. |
| Based on results from studies at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, what would be the predicted effect of clearing trees from a watershed— | increase loss of water and nutrients from a watershed |
| As a general rule, how much energy is lost in the transmission of energy from one trophic level to the one immediately above it? | 90% |
| Inverted ecological pyramids of real systems usually involve— | biomass |
| According to the trophic cascade hypothesis, the removal of carnivores from an ecosystem may result in— | an increase in the number of herbivores and a decrease in the amount of vegetation |
| Bottom-up effects on trophic structure result from— | a limitation of energy flowing to the next higher trophic level |
| At Cedar Creek Natural History Area, experimental plots showed reduced numbers of invaders as species diversity of plots increased— | none ( suggesting that low species diversity increases stability of ecosystems suggesting that ecosystem stability is a function of primary productivity only consistent with the theory that intermediate disturbance results in the highest stability) |
| Species diversity— | increases with latitude as you move away from the equator to the arctic |
| The equilibrium model of island biogeography suggests all of the following except— | smaller islands have lower rates of extinction ( larger islands have more species than smaller islands, the species richness of an island is determined by colonization and extinction,islands closer to the mainland will have higher colonization rates) |
| If the Earth was not tilted on its axis of rotation, the annual cycle of seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres— | would not exist |
| The Coriolis effect— | drives global wind and ocean circulation patterns |
| What two factors are most important in biome distribution? | Rainfall and temperature |
| In a rain shadow, air is cooled as it rises and heated as it descends, often producing a wet and dry side because the water-holding capacity of the air— | is directly related to air temperature |
| The main cause(s) driving the difference between a tropical rain forest and a temperate evergreen forest is— | the average annual temperature |
| Thermal stratification in a lake— | leads to higher oxygen in surface versus deep waters |
| Oligotrophic lakes have— | high oxygen, and low nutrient availability |
| Oligotrophic lakes can be turned into eutrophic lakes as a result of human activities such as— | introducing nutrients into the water, which stimulates plant and algal growth |
| Deep sea hydrothermal vent communities— | are built on the energy produced by the activity of chemoautotrophs that oxidize sulfur |
| Biological magnification occurs when— | pollutants increase in concentration in tissues at higher trophic levels |
| Which of the following is a point source of pollution? | Factory effluent pipe draining into a river |
| Statements that CO2 is increasing compared with historical levels— | are based on data |
| The loss of the ozone layer has serious implications for the quality of the environment because— | ozone (O3) protects organisms from ultraviolet radiation that can cause cancer |
| The reverse transcriptase enzyme is active in which class of viruses? | Retroviruses |
| Which of the following is not part of a virus? | Ribosomes |
| Which of the following is common in animal viruses but not in bacteriophages? | Envelope |
| Which of the following would NOT be part of the life cycle of a lytic virus? | Integration into the host genome |
| A process by which a virus may change a benign bacterium into a virulent strain is called_______. | phage conversion |
| Prior to entry, the _________ glycoprotein of the HIV virus recognizes the ______ receptor on the surface of the macrophage. | gp120; CD4 |
| The varying degrees of resistance to HIV in populations have been suggested to be related to the patterns of smallpox outbreaks over human history. This explanation hinges on— | both viruses using the same receptor to bind to host cells |
| Current research has focused on blocking what receptor on the T cell lymphocyte in order to protect it from infection by the HIV virus? | CCR5 |
| Which of the following HIV treatments prevent the formation of a functional capsid? | Protease inhibitors |
| Which of the following viruses routinely exhibit antigenic shifts, making vaccination programs difficult? | Influenza |
| Activation of oncogenes to cause cancer may be caused by the action of a ________. | virus |
| Prions are responsible for which of the following? | Mad cow disease Scrapie Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease |
| An infectious RNA without a capsid or envelope is called a ____________. | viroid |
| SARS is associated with what form of virus? | Coronavirus |
| A nonliving, infectious particle that lacks any nucleic acids or an envelope, and contains only amino acids, would be classified with the _______. | prions |
| Which of the following would be an example of a biomarker? | A hydrocarbon found in an ancient rock layer |
| Isotopic dating is a technique used in __________. | carbon fixation studies.dating of microfossils. study of biomarkers |
| In a volcanic vent, rich in hydrogen sulfide, you discover a new single-celled nonphotosynthetic organism that lacks a nucleus. Based on these characteristics, you initially decide to classify it with the ___________. | Archaea |
| Which of the following is typically not associated with a prokaryote? | Multiple, linear chromosomes |
| Which of the following characteristics is unique to the Archaea? | Ether-linked phospholipids |
| Which of the following is present only in a gram-positive cell? | Techoic acid |
| 7. The _______ contains the genetic information of a prokaryotic cell. | nucleoid region |
| Generalized transduction arises from— | phage packaging host DNA instead of phage DNA |
| The horizontal transfer of DNA using a plasmid is an example of __________. | conjugation |
| A chemolithoautotroph bacteria gets its carbon from _________ and its energy from _________. | carbon dioxide; inorganic molecules |
| Which of the following bacterial species is transmitted through sexual intercourse? | Chlamydia trachomatis |
| Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by bacteria? | the flu |
| Bacteria lack independent internal membrane systems, but are able to perform photosynthesis and respiration, both of which use membranes. They are able to perform these functions because— | invaginations of the plasma membrane can provide internal membrane surface |
| Plants cannot fix nitrogen, yet some plants do not need nitrogen form the soil. This is because— | of a symbiotic association with a bacterium that can fix nitrogen |
| Which of the following processes involves the removal of toxic compounds from the environment using a bacterial species? | Bioremediation |
| Which of the following is correct regarding the phylogenetic nature of kingdom Protista? | The kingdom as a whole is paraphyletic. |
| Which of the following events is believed to have occurred first in eukaryotic evolution? | Infolding of the plasma membrane |
| Which of the following would be a key identifying characteristic of an organelle that has undergone secondary endosymbiosis? | Four plasma membranes |
| The evolution of which of the following provides for higher levels of genetic recombination and variation? | Sexual reproduction |
| A protist that lacks mitochondria would most likely be classified with the ________. | Parabasalida |
| Which of the following statements best describes the term kinetoplastid? | An organism with a single mitochondrion in each cell |
| A species that is photosynthetic, with fine hairs on the flagella, would be classified with which of the following groups? | Stramenophila |
| The organism that causes red tide is a(n) _______ and belongs to the clade __________. | dinoflagellate; Alveolata |
| What characteristic separates the Rhodophyta and the Chlorophyta? | Method of locomotion, Form of photosynthetic pigments |
| Which of the following lines represents a monophyletic group? | Euglenoids |
| The disease malaria is caused by a species of the genus________, which belongs to the _______. | Plasmodium; apicomplexans |
| In the following below, which multicellular eukaryotic kingdom is NOT linked to its correct protistan ancestor? | Fungi—Oomycetes |
| One of the earliest examples of multicellularity occurs in the ________. | cellular slime molds |
| The origin of which of the following does NOT represent an endosymbiotic event? | Nucleus |
| In Paramecium, removal of which of the following organelles would inhibit sexual reproduction? | The micronucleus |
| Which of the following plant structures is not matched to its correct function? | All of the above are matched correctly (Stomata—allow gas transferTracheids—allow the movement of water and mineral, Cuticle—prevents desiccation) |
| Which of the following species most likely directly gave rise to the land plants? | Chara |
| Which of the following would not be found in a member of the bryophytes? | Tracheid cells |
| Which of the following statements is correct regarding the bryophytes? | Archegonium and antheridium represent haploid structures that produce reproductive cells. |
| The lack of seeds is a characteristic of all ___________. | lycophytes |
| Which of the following structures contains the fern sporangia? | Sori |
| Which of the following adaptations allowed plants to pause their life cycle until environmental conditions are optimal? | Seeds |
| Which of the following gymnosperms possesses a form of vascular tissue that is similar to that found in the angiosperms? | Gnetophytes |
| The drug ephedrine is derived from a species of ___________. | gnetophyte |
| In a pine tree, the microspores and megaspores are produced by the process of _________. | meiosis |
| Which of the following terms is NOT associated with a male portion of a plant? | Megaspore |
| Which of the following whorls contains the carpels? | The gynoecium |
| In double fertilization, one sperm produces a diploid ________, and the other produces a triploid ___________. | zygote; primary endosperm |
| Which of the following potentially represents the oldest known living species of Angiosperm? | Ambroella |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a fungus? | Ability to conduct photosynthesis |
| A fungal cell that contains two genetically different nuclei would be classified as _________. | heterokaryotic |
| Which of the following groups of fungi is NOT monophyletic? | Zygomycota |
| Based on physical characteristics, the __________ represent the most ancient phyla of fungi. | Chytridomycota |
| Which of the following groups of fungi does not represent a true phylogenic relationship, but rather a classification due to a lack of scientific information? | Deuteromycetes |
| The early evolution of terrestrial plants was made possible by mycorrhizal relationships with the _________. | Glomeromycota |
| In a culture of hyphae of unknown origin you notice that the hyphae lack septa and that the fungi reproduce asexually by using clumps of erect stalks. However, at times sexual reproduction can be observed. To what group of fungi would you assign it? | Zygomycota |
| In a life cycle of a typical Basidiomycota, where would you expect to find a dikaryotic cell? | Secondary mycelium |
| Which of the following is correct regarding the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae? | It reproduces asexually by a process called budding. |
| If biologists were to abandon the use of Deuteromycetes as a method of classification, to which phylum would the majority of the Deuteromycetes be assigned? | Ascomycota |
| Penicillium and Aspergillus are both classified as ____________. | Deuteromycetes |
| Symbiotic relationships occur between the fungi and _________. | plants, bacteria,animals |
| A fungal relationship between a forest tree and a basidiomycete would most likely be classified as an example of __________. | ectomychorrhizae |
| Symbiotic relationships between animals and fungi are focused on which of the following? a. Protection from bacteria b. Colonization of land c. Protection from desiccation d. Exchange of nutrients | Exchange of nutrients |
| Which of the following species of fungi is not associated with diseases in humans?a. Pneumocystis jirovecib. Aspergillus flavusc. Candida albicansd. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. |
| Which of the following characteristics is unique to all members of the animal kingdom? a. Sexual reproduction b. Multicellular c. Lack of cell walls d. Heterotrophic | Lack of cell walls |
| Animals are unique in the fact that they possess _____ for movement and ____ for conducting signals between cells. | muscle tissue; nervous tissue |
| In animal sexual reproduction the gametes are formed by the process of _________. | meiosis |
| The evolution of bilateral symmetry was a necessary precursor for the evolution of __________. | cephalization |
| A fluid-filled cavity that develops completely within the mesoderm is a characteristic of a _________. | coelomate |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding segmentation? | Segmentation is a requirement for a closed circulatory system. |
| Which of the following characteristics is used to distinguish between a Parazoan and a Eumetazoan? | Tissues |
| With regards to classification in the animals, the study of which of the following is significantly changing the organization of the kingdom? | Molecular systematics |
| Which of the following characteristics would NOT apply to a species in the Ecdysozoa? | Deuterostome |
| The most recent phylum to be added to the animal kingdom is the ____________. | Micrognathoza |
| The _______ contain the greatest number of known species. | Arthropoda |
| Which hypothesis for the evolution of the Metazoa suggests that they evolved from organisms similar to modern ciliates? | Multinucleate hypothesis |
| The evolution of which of the following occurs after the Cambrian explosion?a. Cephalizationb. True coelomc. Segmentationd. None of the above | None of the above |
| A coelomate organism may have which of the following characteristics?a. A circulatory systemb. Internal skeletonc. Larger size than a pseudocoelomated. All of the above | All of the above |
| In modern phylogenetic analysis of the animals, the protostomes are divided into what two major groups based on what characteristic? | Their ability to molt |
| Which of the following classifications best describes a species that does not molt, possesses a coelom, and whose larval stage utilizes a trochophore? | Lophotrochozoa |
| A chitin exoskeleton and jointed appendages are key characteristics of which phylum? | Arthropoda |
| All animals have which of the following characteristics? | Multicellularity |
| Which of the following cell types of a sponge possesses a flagellum? | Coenocytes |
| Spicules and sponging are found _______ of a sponge | within the mesohyl |
| The larval stage of a cnidarian is known as a— | planulae |
| Which of the following cell layers is NOT necessary to be considered a Eumetazoan? a. Ectoderm b. Endoderm c. Mesoderm d. All of the above are found in all Eumetazoans | Mesoderm |
| Which of the following classes has an endosymbiotic relationship with a dinoflagellate? | Anthozoa |
| Which of the following phyla possess true bilateral symmetry? | Platyhelminthes |
| In the flat worm, the flame cells are involved in what metabolic process? | Osmoregulation |
| Which of the following would NOT be considered a Neodermata?a. Class Cestodesb. Class Turbellariac. Class Trematodad. Class Monogenea | Class Turbellaria |
| The “simplest” animal with a complete digestive system belongs to _________. | Phylum Nemertea |
| Nematodes used to be classified close to the Rotifera due to the presence of a pseudocoel, but are not located closer to the Arthropods due to the presence of ________. | molting |
| Which of the following is a disease caused by a nematode? | Filariasis, Pinworm, Trichinosis |
| The __________ of a mollusk is a highly-efficient respiratory structure. | ctenidia |
| Torsion is a unique characteristic of the ___________. | gastropods |
| Elevated intelligence and complex behaviors are characteristics of the ________. | cephalopods |
| Serial segmentation is a key characteristic of which of the following phyla? | Annelids |
| Which of the following forms of annelids is not hermaphroditic? | Polychaetes |
| In annelids, which of the following chitin-based structures is used for the process of locomotion? | Chaetae |
| The distinguishing feature of the Bryozoa and Brachiopoda is the presence of _____________. | a lophophore |
| In terms of numbers, the most successful phylum on the planet is the ________. | Arthropoda |
| Which of the following characteristics is NOT found in the arthropods? | Closed circulatory system |
| The fact that Arthropods molt means that they are considered _________. | Ecdysozoa |
| Which of the following classes of arthropod possess chelicerae? | Arachnida |
| Decapods are _____________. | lobsters and crayfish |
| What characteristic separates the Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera?a. Type of wingsb. Type of mouthpartsc. Type of legsd. Method of reproduction | Type of wings |
| Based upon protostome-deuterostome characteristics, which of the following phyla is the closest relative to the chordates? | Echinodermata |
| Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the water-vascular system of an echinoderm?a. Ossiclesb. Ampullac. Radial canalsd. Madreporite | Ossicles |
| Which of the following statements regarding all species of chordates is false? | The notochord is surrounded by bone or cartilage. |
| In the following figure, item A is the ______ and item B is the _____________. | notochord; nerve cord |
| During embryonic development, a neural crest would be found in all of the following chordates, except— | cephalochordates |
| A single-loop closed circulatory system is a characteristic of all ________. | fish |
| The ________ of the body fish evolves to counter the effects of increased bone density. | swim bladder |
| From which group of fish did the amphibians originate? | Lobe-finned |
| Icthyostega represents __________. | the first amphibian |
| Why was the evolution of the pulmonary veins important for amphibians? | To move oxygen to and from the lungs |
| The first group of animals to utilize an amniotic egg is the __________. | reptiles |
| Which of the following groups lacks a four-chambered heart?a. Birdsb. Reptilesc. Mammalsd. Amphibians | Amphibians |
| All of the following are characteristics of reptiles, except—a. cutaneous respirationb. amniotic eggc. thoracic breathingd. dry, watertight skin | cutaneous respiration |
| Which of the following evolutionary adaptations allows birds to become efficient at flying?a. Structure of the featherb. High metabolic temperaturesc. Increased respiratory efficiencyd. All of the above | All of the above |
| The group of mammals that is most closely related to the reptiles is the ____. | monotremes |
| Which of the following groups only includes the apes and humans and their direct ancestors? | Hominoids |
| Which of the following species was the first hominid to move from Africa in social groups?a. Homo habilisb. Homo erectusc. Homo sapiensd. Homo floresiensis | Homo erectus |
| Fifteen years ago, your parents hung a swing from the lower branch of a large tree growing in your yard. When you go and sit in it today, you realize it is exactly the same height off the ground as it was when you first sat in it 15 years ago. The reason | the tree trunk is only showing secondary growth |
| A unique feature of plants is indeterminate growth. Indeterminate growth is possible because— | meristematic cells continually replace themselves |
| If you were to relocate the pericycle of a plant root to the epidermal layer, how would it affect root growth? | Lateral roots would grow from the outer region of the root and fail to connect with the vascular tissue. |
| In vascular plants, one difference between root and shoot systems is that— | root systems contain pronounced zones of cell elongation, whereas shoot systems do not |
| When you peel your potatoes for dinner, you are removing the majority of their— a. dermal tissueb. vascular tissuec. ground tissued. only a and b are removed with the peele. all of these are removed with the peel | only a and b are removed with the peel |
| You can determine the age of an oak tree by counting the annual rings of _______________ formed by the __________________. | secondary xylem; vascular cambium |
| Many vegetables are grown today through hydroponics, where the plant roots exist primarily in an aqueous solution. Which of the following root structures is no longer beneficial in hydroponics? | Root cap |
| Root hairs and lateral roots are similar in each respect except— | both are generally long-livedboth are multicellular |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true of the stems of vascular plants?a. Stems are composed of repeating segments, including nodes and internodes.b. Primary growth only occurs at the shoot apical meristem.c. Vascular tissues may be arr | Primary growth only occurs at the shoot apical meristem. |
| Plant organs form by— | cell division in meristematic tissue |
| Which of the following plant cell type is mismatched to its function?a. Xylem; conducts mineral nutrients.b. Phloem; serves as part of the bark.c. Trichomes; reduces evaporation.d. Collenchyma; performs photosynthesis. | Collenchyma; performs photosynthesis. |
| Which is the correct sequence of cell types encountered in an oak tree, moving from the center of the tree out? | Pith, primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cork cambium, cork |
| How would plant development change if the functions of the genes SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) and MONOPTEROUS (MP) were reversed? | The root–shoot axis would be reversed. |
| The most obvious difference between plant embryonic development and animal embryonic development is that— | whereas plant cells retain their relative positions after cell division, animal morphogenesis involves movement of cells within the embryo |
| Which of the following is NOT evident from looking at a plant embryo?a. You can tell if the plant is a monocot or dicot.b. You can tell where the shoot will form.c. You can tell wherethe root will form.d. You can tell when the seed will ger | You can tell when the seed will germinate. |
| Which of the following is NOT true of mature angiosperm seeds?a. Food reserves may be stored in the endosperm or cotyledonsb. Both shoot and root meristems existc. Mature tissues have formed in the embryod. The embryo remains attached to t | Mature tissues have formed in the embryo |
| The longest period of time that a seed can remain dormant is— | years |
| Fruits are complex organs that are specialized for dispersal of seeds. Which of the following plant tissues does NOT contribute to mature fruit? | Gametophytic tissue from the next generation |
| If you want to ensure that a seed fails to germinate, which of the following strategies would be most effective? | Prevent imbibition |
| How would a loss-of-function mutation in the α-amylase gene affect seed germination? | The embryo would starve. |
| Which of the following statements is not true of embryogenesis? | Plant hormones play a minor role in proper embryo formation. |
| Which of the following are imperative for seed germination? | Oxygen |
| Cotyledons— | exist in pairs in eudicots and singly in monocots |
| A plant lacking the WOODEN LEG gene will likely— | be incapable of transporting photosynthate |
| A germinating seed that does not contain a suspensor will likely— | not develop because nutrients will not be transferred from the endosperm to the embryo |
| If you were a plant pathogen, what would be the first obstacle to invading a host plant that you would have to overcome? | Physical barriers on the exterior of a plant |
| Plant dermal cells can secrete which of the following?a. Suberinb. Waxc. Cutind. All of the above | all of the above |
| Some plants are recognized by fungal pathogens on the basis of their stomatal pores. Which of the following would provide these plants immunity from fungal infection?a. Removing all of the stomata from the plantb. Changing the spacing of stomatal | Changing the spacing of stomatal pores in these plants |
| Your friend informs you that it is highly likely all of the plants in your yard are “infected” with some kind of fungi or bacteria. The plants look perfectly healthy to you at this time. The most prudent thing for you to do would be— | do nothing because many of these bacteria and fungi may be beneficial |
| Eating unscrubbed cassava root would likely— | make you sick because the skin contains cyanogenic glycosides that would produce cyanide in the digestive track |
| You decide to plant a garden with a beautiful black walnut at one end and a majestic white oak at the other end. You are quite disappointed, however, when none of the seeds you plant around the walnut tree grow. What might explain this observation? | The walnut tree produces chemical toxins that prevent seed germination |
| Vegetarians whose diet consists largely of soy are less likely to develop prostate cancer because— | soy contains a phytoestrogen that may down-regulate estrogen and androgen receptors in males who consume diets high in soy |
| Tonic water, containing quinine, was developed primarily— | to help fight malaria |
| Some plants have developed a mutualistic relationship with parasitoid wasps. This mutualistic relationship would not occur if— | the plant quit producing volatile compounds that attract the wasp |
| Tomato leaves are not good to eat because— | when their tissue is damaged, they produce proteinase inhibitors that will prevent digestive enzyme function in animals |
| A plant lacking R genes would likely— | be susceptible to infection by pathogens |
| If a pathogen contains an avr gene not recognized by a plant, the plant will most likely— | develop a disease |
| Both plant and animal immune systems can— | develop memory of past pathogens to more effectively deal with subsequent infections, initiate expression of proteins to help fight the infection, kill their own cells to prevent spread of the infection |
| In the hypersensitive response, plants might— | quickly kill their own cells at the site of infection,release hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide,release antimicrobial chemicals |
| The primary difference between plant and animal long-term recognition of pathogens is— | plants do not produce specific antibodies |
| If you exposed seeds to a series of red light versus far-red light treatments, which of the following exposure treatments would result in seed germination? | Far-red; red |
| Which of the following statements provides a true example of both photomorphogenesis and phototropism? | Phototropism is growth toward blue light, and photomorphogenesis is germination triggered by red light. |
| If you were to plant a de-etiolated (det2) mutant Arabidopsis seed and keep it in a dark box, what would you expect to happen? | The seed would germinate normally, but the plant would not become tall and spindly while it sought a light source. |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true of phytochrome? | Phytochrome controls most seed germination in plants. |
| We often have the misconception that plants are unable to move in their environment. Many plants, however, display daily movements to maximize their capacity to absorb light energy (such as, bean leaves). These daily changes in shape are caused by— | changes in turgor in specific cells |
| When Charles and Francis Darwin investigated phototropisms in plants, they discovered that— | light was detected at the shoot tip of a plant |
| Auxin promotes a plant to grow toward a light source by— | causing cells on the shaded side of the stem to elongate |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true of auxin? | We do not know how auxin is involved in cell signaling. |
| You have come up with a brilliant idea to stretch your grocery budget by buying green fruit in bulk and then storing it in a bag that you have blown up like a balloon. As you need fruit, you would take it out of the bag, and it would miraculously ripen. H | The high CO2 levels in the bag would prevent ripening. |
| If you were to accidentally plant a mutant strain of barley that could not synthesize the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), what would you expect to happen? | The seeds would germinate prematurely. |
| Just as auxin and cytokinin counterbalance each other in many respects, gibberellins are countered by which plant hormone? | Abscisic acid |
| Gibberellins are used to increase productivity in grapes because they— | increase the internode length so the fruits have more room to grow |
| Which of the following might NOT be observed in a plant that is grown on the Space Shuttle in space? | Gravitropism |
| Based on the finding from the embryonic flower mutant of Arabadopsis and use of Arabadopsis for expression of the LEAFY gene, it has been show that— | genes expressed later in plant development signal flowering,gene expression early in development suppresses flowering |
| Which of the following does NOT serve as a cue for initiation of flowering?a. Circadian cycleb. Photoperiodc. Gibberellin levelsd. Temperature | Circadian cycle |
| Which of the following would likely prevent flowering in a plant like tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) that follows the autonomous pathway?a. removal of the lower leavesb. removal of the apical meristemc. continual upward-moving formation of advent | continual upward-moving formation of adventitious roots on the stem |
| Cryptochrome is responsible for— | blue-light-regulated responses,photoperiodic responses |
| In Iowa, a company called Team Corn works to ensure that fields of seed corn outcross so that hybrid vigor can be maintained. They do this by removing the staminate (that is, pollen-producing) flowers from the corn plants. In an attempt to put Team Corn o | contain S genes to stop pollen tube growth during self-fertilization |
| Monoecious plants such as corn have either staminate or carpelate flowers. Knowing what you do about the molecular mechanisms of floral development, which of the following might explain the development of single-sex flowers? | Expression of B-type genes in the presumptive carpel whorl will generate staminate flowers., Loss of A-type genes in the presumptive petal whorl will allow C-type and B-type genes to produce stamens instead of petals in that whorl., Restricting B-type g |
| You have been asked to collect plant sperm for a new plant-breeding program involving in vitro fertilization. Which of the following tissues would be a good source of sperm? | Anthers |
| If you wanted to create a super tobacco plant to increase the number of leaves per acre on a tobacco farm, which of the following strategies would potentially work? | Decrease expression of the LEAFY gene in the shoot apical meristem. |
| One of the most notable differences between gamete formation in most animals and gamete formation in plants is that— | plants produce gametes by mitosis, whereas animals produce gametes by meiosis |
| If you were to discover a flower that was small, white, and heavily scented, its most likely pollinator would be— | moths |
| Under which of the following conditions would pollen from an S2S5 plant successfully pollinate an S1S5 flower? | If the plants used gametophytic self-incompatibility, half of the pollen would be successful. |
| a. Connective tissues, although quite diverse in structure and location, do share a common theme; the connection between other types of tissues. Although all of the following seem to fit that criterion, one of the tissues listed is NOT a type of connect | Muscle |
| What do all the organs of the body have in common? | Each is composed of several different kinds of tissue |
| Which of the following cavities would contain your stomach? a. Peritonealb. Pericardialc. Pleurald. Thoracic | Peritoneal |
| Epithelial tissues do all of the following except—a. form barriers or boundariesb. absorb nutrients in the digestive tractc. transmit information in the central nervous systemd. allow exchange of gases in the lung | c. transmit information in the central nervous system |
| Endocrine and exocrine glands form from— | epithelial tissue |
| Connective tissues include a diverse group of cells yet they all share— | the presence of an extracellular matrix |
| Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the linings of joints within the body. The cells that line these joints, and whose destruction causes the symptoms of arthritis, are known as— | chondrocytes |
| Skeletal muscle cells differ from the “typical” mammalian cell in that they— | contain multiple nuclei |
| Examples of smooth muscle sites include— | lining of blood vessels,iris of the eye,wall of the digestive tract |
| Suppose that a strange alien virus arrives on Earth. This virus causes damage to the nervous system by attacking the structures of neurons. Which of the following structures would be immune from attack? | Neuroglia |
| The function of neuroglia is to— | support and protect neurons |
| Systems involved in communication and integration of information include all of the following except—a. the nervous systemb. the immune systemc. the endocrine systemd. the sensory system | the immune system |
| Another way to describe the functions of the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems is as the ____________ systems | regulation and maintenance |
| Homeostasis— | is a dynamic process, describes the maintenance of the internal environment of the body, is essential to life |
| Which of the following scenarios correctly describes positive feedback?a. If the temperature increases in your room, your furnace increases its output of warm air.b. If you drink too much water, you produce more urine.c. If the price of gasoline increases | If the temperature increases in your room, your furnace increases its output of warm air. |
| Which of the following best describes the electrical state of a neuron at rest?a. The inside of a neuron is more negatively charged than the outside.b. The outside of a neuron is more negatively charged than the inside.c. The inside and th | a. The inside of a neuron is more negatively charged than the outside. |
| The _____________ cannot be controlled by conscious thought. | autonomic nervous system |
| A fight-or-flight response in the body is controlled by the— | sympathetic division of the nervous system |
| Imagine that you are doing an experiment on the movement of ions across neural membranes. Which of the following plays a role in determining the equilibrium concentration of ions across these membranes? | Ion concentration gradients.,Ion electrical gradients. |
| The Na+/K+ ATPase pump— | is important for long-term maintenance of resting potential |
| Botox, a derivative of the botulinum toxin that causes food poisoning, inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. How could this strange- sounding treatment produce desired cosmetic effects? | By causing paralysis of facial muscles, which decreases wrinkles in the face |
| The following is a list of the components of a chemical synapse. A mutation in the structure of which of these would affect only the reception of the message, not its release or the response? | Membrane proteins in the postsynaptic cell |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters— | hyperpolarize postsynaptic membranes |
| Suppose that you stick your finger with a sharp pin. The area affected is very small and only one pain receptor fires. However, it fires repeatedly at a rapid rate (it hurts!). This is an example of— | temporal summation |
| You are dissecting a rat that died peacefully in its sleep at an advanced age. Which structure would you NOT expect to find in its brain? | Ventral nerve cords |
| White matter is _________, and gray matter is__________ . | comprised of axons; comprised of cell bodies and dendrites,myelinated; unmyelinated,found in the CNS; also found in the CNS |
| A functional reflex requires— | only a sensory neuron and a motor neuron |
| As you sit quietly reading this sentence, the part of the nervous system that is most active is the— | parasympathetic nervous system |
| G protein coupled receptors are involved in the nervous system by— | controlling the opening and closing of K+ channels during an action potential |
| During an action potential— | the falling phase is due to an efflux of K+ |
| Which of these is NOT a method by which sensory receptors receive information about the internal or external environment?a. Changes in pressureb. Light or heat changesc. Changes in molecular concentrationd. All of these are used by sen | D: All |
| Which of the following correctly lists the steps of perception? | Stimulation, transduction, transmission, interpretation |
| Your Aunt Hattie stood up suddenly at Sunday dinner and then fainted. The doctor said that it might be a problem involving her baroreceptors. What is the function of baroreceptors? | They detect changes in blood pressure. |
| All sensory receptors are able to initiate nerve impulses by opening or closing— | stimulus-gated ion channels |
| In the fairytale, Sleeping Beauty fell asleep after pricking her finger. What kind of receptor responds to that kind of painful stimulus? | Nociceptor |
| The ear detects sound by the movement of— | the basilar membrane |
| A friend who knows that you are afraid of snakes told you that you should wrap yourself in insulation when you go into the woods so that the snakes won’t be able to find you. You now realize, after reading the chapter, that she was right (sort of) becaus | pit organs |
| Hair cells in the vestibular apparatus of terrestrial vertebrates— | provide a sense of acceleration and balance |
| Think back to the meal you ate for lunch. The ability to taste food relies on— | external chemoreceptors |
| What do the sensory systems of annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and chordates have in common? | They all have image-forming eyes that evolved independently. |
| While honeymooning in Borneo you find a previously unidentified species of mammal. You proceed to explain to your very patient spouse that the placement of the eyes on the same side of the head (face) such that the visual fields overlap—` | is found in primates and predators,is called binocular vision, allows for depth perception |
| You arise to a beautiful day. As you raise your eyelids and catch your first glimpse of the brand new day, the structure that actually admits light into your eye is the— | pupil |
| __________ is the photopigment contained within both rods and cones of the eye. | Cis-Retinal |
| Which of the following is NOT a method used by vertebrates to gather information about their environment? | Infrared radiation, Magnetic fields, Electrical currents |
| The lobe of the brain that recognizes and interprets visual information is the— | occipital lobe |
| Which of the following best describes hormones? | Hormones are long-lasting chemicals released from glands. |
| You suspect that one of your teammates is using anabolic steroids to build muscle. You know that continued use of steroids can cause profound changes in cell function. This is due in part to the fact that the receptors for steroid hormones lie— | in the cytoplasm or nucleus |
| The adrenal cortex releases ________________, which stimulates Na+reabsorption by the kidneys. | aldosterone |
| What is a neurohormone? | A hormone that is produced by the nervous system |
| Your Uncle Sal likes to party. When he goes out drinking, he complains that he needs to urinate more often. You explain to him that this is because alcohol suppresses the release of the hormone _________________, which regulates the kidney's retention | vasopressin (ADH) |
| Second messengers are activated in response to— | peptide hormones |
| Your new research project is to design a pesticide that will disrupt the endocrine systems of arthropods without harming humans and other mammals. Which of the following substances should be the target of your investigations? | Juvenile hormone |
| At dinner last night you ate a well-balanced meal that included a portion of steak, a food known to be rich in cholesterol and protein. Having just read this chapter, you remark to your friends that you should be able to manufacture plenty of which of the | Both peptide and steroid hormones |
| Which of the following is true about lipophilic hormones? | They require a transport protein in the bloodstream |
| What do growth factors, cytokines, and prostaglandins have in common? | They are all paracrines or local regulators |
| An organ is classified as part of the endocrine system if— | it secretes hormones into the circulatory system |
| Which of these can easily pass through the plasma membrane? | Thyroid hormones &Estrogen |
| Hormones released from the pituitary gland have two different sources. Those that are produced by the neurons of the hypothalamus are released through the _____________, and those produced within the pituitary are released through the _____________ . | neurohypophysis; adenohypophysis |
| Which of the following conditions is unrelated to the production of growth hormone? | Control of blood calcium |
| Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids— | are all used to mobilize nutrients during stress reactions |
| Exoskeletons and endoskeletons differ in that— | exoskeletons are external to the soft tissues, and endoskeletons are internal |
| Worms and marine invertebrates use a hydrostatic skeleton to generate movement. How do they do this? | The change in body structure is caused by contraction of muscles compressing the watery body fluid. |
| You take X-rays of two individuals. Ray has been a weightlifter and body builder for 30 years. Ben has led a mostly sedentary life. What differences would you expect in their X-ray films? | Ray would have thicker bones due to reshaping as a result of physical stress. |
| Bone develops by one of two mechanisms depending on the underlying scaffold. Which pairing correctly describes these mechanisms? | Endochondral and intramembranous |
| Which of the following statements best describes the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction? | Actin and myosin filaments do not shorten, but rather, slide past each other. |
| You have identified a calcium storage disease in rats. How would this inability to store Ca2+ affect muscle contraction? | Ca2+ would be unable to bind to troponin, which enables tropomyosin to move and reveal binding sites for cross-bridges. |
| Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction via the release of— | acetylcholine |
| Which of the following statements about muscle metabolism is false? | Skeletal muscles at rest obtain most of their energy from muscle glycogen and blood glucose. |
| If you wanted to study the use of ATP during a single contraction cycle within a muscle cell, which of the following processes would you use? a. Summationb. Twitchc. Trepped. Tetanus | b. Twitch |
| Place the following events in the correct order—1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+2. Myosin binds to actin3. Action potential arrives from neuron4. Ca2+ binds to troponina. 1, 2, 3, 4b. 3, 1, 2, 4c. 2, 4, 3, 1d. 3, 1, 4, 2 | d. 3, 1, 4, 2 |
| How do the muscles move hand through space? | By contraction, By attaching to two bones across a joint |
| Differences in which of the following permit animal flight?a. Gravityb. Humidityc. Pressure d. Temperature | c. Pressure |
| How can osteocytes remain alive within bone?a. Bones are composed of only dead or dormant cells.b. Haversian canals are bone structures that contain blood vessels that provide materials for the osteocytes.c. Osteocytes have membrane extensions | b. Haversian canals are bone structures that contain blood vessels that provide materials for the osteocytes. |
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kameredi