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Earth's Structure
Science: Chapter 1 Lessons 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a system? | a group of parts that work together as a whole |
| Explain an example of a system (cycle). | the water cycle is a system that gathers and renews water. Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection work together to make an entire system. |
| Cycles on Earth are started by what? | Energy |
| Energy is the ability to do... | work |
| This energy's main source is the... | sun |
| This energy's second source is the heat flowing out of the Earth as it.... | cools |
| How do these two sources of energy differ? | The sun is a big ball that is made up of hot gases and fire and Earth has a lot of cool water. They flow in opposite directions (sun-up and earth-down) |
| What are the four main parts of the Earth's systems? | Atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere |
| What greatly affects the air, water, land, and life on Earth? | humans |
| In which sphere do all Earth's inhabitants belong? | biosphere |
| What is Earth's hydrosphere made of? | water |
| Where is water in the gaseous state found? | atmosphere, hydrosphere |
| To which sphere do mountains, valleys, and other pieces of land belong? | geosphere |
| What provide energy in the form of heat and visible light for many of Earth's processes? | sun |
| Why is the sun's heat important to the Earth? | So humans and animals can have life and it causes plants to produce food and all cycle will work |
| Why is sunlight important for Earth? | So plants can grow and produce food (photosynthesis) and things can live |
| What are the three main parts of the geosphere? | metal core, solid middle layer, rocky outer layer |
| What is constantly being created and destroyed by competing forces? | lands |
| Forces that construct, or build up, mountains are called... | constructive forces |
| Name three examples of constructive forces | formation of mountains (building), lava, earthquakes |
| Explain how the Himalayas were formed. | The collision of two plates of the Earth. Plate Tectonics |
| Why would we find sea organism fossils high in the Himalayas? | India's land collided with China's land which formed mountains and lifted any sea life up as the mountains formed and they eventually fossilized over time. |
| What destroys and wears away landmasses through processes like erosion and weathering. | Destructive forces |
| How does wind act to destroy the land? | It wears it downs by carrying particles and moves sand which causes erosion. |
| Can humans be destructive forces? | Yes, humans can cause deforestation and remove natural things like rocks and plants to build. |
| In what ways can land change as a result of a storm? | Rain can wear away rock, erode land, and deposit particles into the ground. |
| How are destructive forces related to two spheres of the earth system? | Geosphere-destructive forces are earthquakes and volcanoes and Hydrosphere-destructive force is ice |
| What are the two main types of evidence that geologists use to learn about Earth's interior? | straight(direct) evidence from rock samples and indirect evidence from seismic waves |
| What direct evidence to geologists use? | Rock samples gathered from people who drill holes in volcanoes |
| What does the direct evidence tell geologists? | Earth's structure and conditions deep inside the Earth. |
| What is the limitation of studying rock samples to learn about Earth's interior? | Rocks are straight below the Earth's surface and it won't tell them about the Earth below that point. |
| What indirect evidence do geologists use to tell about the earth's interior? | Seismic waves |
| What are seismic waves? | Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying energy released during an earthquake. |
| What two factors about seismic wave give geologists clues about the structure of the planet? | the speed of the seismic waves and paths they take |
| What so seismic waves reveal? | areas inside Earth where the makeup or form of material changes, they travel through solid or liquid. |
| What are the 3 main layers of the Earth? | crust, mantle, core |
| What four ways are these three layers different? | size, composition, temperature, and pressure (serious cotton toilet paper) |
| What is temperature? | How hot or cold something is |
| How does the temperature of the Earth's interior change as you go through? | The deeper you go, the higher the temperature |
| How does the pressure of the Earth's interior change as you go through? | The deeper you go, the pressure increases more |
| Why does pressure increase with depth? | The deeper you get, the more weight is has because of the rock above the core. |
| Why does the temperature increase with depth? | The pressure is higher which causes the temperature to get higher. |
| What is the outer layer of the Earth that is solid rock and includes both dry land and the ocean floor? | crust |
| What is continental crust made of and what is it like? | granite and it is thickest but LESS dense |
| What is oceanic crust made of and what is it like? | basalt and it is thinnest but MORE dense |
| What layer of the Earth is a thick, solid, hot layer of rock? | mantle |
| What three layers is the mantle divided into? | Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere |
| What do scientists base the three layers of the mantle on? | physical characteristics |
| The lithosphere is composed of what two layers? | Lithosphere, Asthenosphere |
| Describe the Lithosphere. | hard, rigid, brittle, strong, rock |
| Describe the Asthenosphere. | less rigid rock that can bend; soft |
| What is the lower mantle called? | mesosphere |
| The core is made up of what two layers? | inner core and outer core |
| What is constantly being transferred inside the Earth and all around the Earth's surface? | heat |
| Heat always moves from __________ objects to _________ objects. | warmer to cooler |
| What is the movement of heat from warmer to objects to cooler objects called? | heat transfer |
| What are the three types of heat transfer? | convection, radiation, conduction (CRC) |
| The transfer of heat through rays like light is called... | radiation |
| Heat transfer between materials that are touching is called... | conduction |
| Heat that is transferred by the movement of a fluid is called... | convection |
| Tell an example of the heat transfer RADIATION | the sun transfers heat through the air to your skin where it warms it; heat from the stove; heat from a fire |
| Tell an example of the heat transfer CONDUCTION | walking through hot sand-sand transfers heat to your skin; warming sore muscles with a heating pad; melting ice with your hand |
| Tell an example of the heat transfer CONVECTION | warm air rises from the ground as it cools it falls; cold air from an open freezer sinking to the floor |
| How are you experiencing heat transfer right now? | Body heat is being conducted into any cooler objects that I am touching |
| How does convection occur in the Earth's mantle? | Heat from the core and the mantle causes the convection currents to flow. The magma is heated and rises to the top of the mantle. When it reaches the top, it begins to cool, as it cools it sinks. The cycle of rising and sinking continues. |
| Convection occurring in the Earth's mantle continued | This heating and cooling changes the density of the magma. Force of gravity is also acting upon the magma to in in convection currents |
| What is the flow that transfers heat within a fluid called? | convection currents |
| There are 3 things in combination that start convection currents moving in the mantle. List them. | Heating and cooling of fluid, changes in fluid's density, force of gravity |
| How does the density of most substances change when the substance is heated? | The density decreases. This happens because molecules in the substance move farther apart. |
| What is gravity and what effect does gravity have in convection currents? | Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward each other and toward Earth's center. Gravity pulls colder, denser fluid to the bottom. |
Created by:
Isabel Wallwork