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Constitutional Law 3

TermDefinition
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Bank of United States, Maryland Attempts to Tax. Rules that States cannot tax Fed govt institutions in their states b/c Govt legitimacy is given by the people, not by states. Also, power to tax is power to destory
Scott v. Sanford Scott is former slave who is dragged around US. Ends up in North and is free under the state's citizenship law. SCOTUS rules that citizenship is defined by the Constitution and that Scott is not a citizen b/c he is black, He cannot bring suit.
New York v. United States 1992 Radioactive waste case. Congress tries to get states to deal with it, and if they don't they must "take title" of it. SCOTUS Rules that Congress may encourage states but cannot force them to do something.
Printz v. United States 1997 About Gun Ownership Registration Program. Feds are setting up program but until then state officers must carry out law. Supreme Court rules that feds do not command states and do cannot force state workers to act.
Alden v. Maine 1999 FLSA allows people to sue employers over bad work practices. Is extended to States. SCOTUS rules that Congress cannot force states to give up immunity. This is b/c Federalism and both have sovereignty.
Michigan v. Long 1983 Long found with marijuana in his car. Claims search was illegal. State court rules it was illegal based on state law and fed law. SCOTUS reviews, stating that search was not illegal based on 4th Amendment, therefore search was legal.
State of Missouri v. Holland 1920 Migratory Bird Treaty Act between US and Great Britian. Missouri claims the act violates its states rights of hunting. SCOTUS rules that just b/c animals are within state boundaries does not mean one owns them. Feds can regulate cuz treaty
Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council - 2000 Mass. passes law stopping its citizens / businesses from trading with Burma. SCOTUS rules that this is unconstitutional based on supremacy clause. It hurts Congress and the President's ability to bargain effectively if they can't use all of the USA.
Arizona v. United States - 2012 About illegal Immigration in Arizona. Arizona passes tough law against immigration. SCOTUS rules that law is unconstitutional as immigration is necessarily a fed thing and depends on the feds ability to deal with diplomacy and legal immigration.
Gibbons v. Ogden - 1824 New York Steamboat Monopoly. Can Congress steamboat traffic based on Commerce Clause? SCOTUS says yes b/c commerce is intercourse and navigation of the seas. State law must yield to federal law in this case, all citizens can use the riverway.
United States v. E C Knight Co. - 1895 Sugar Refining Case. Feds want to stop monopoly. SCOTUS rules congress cannot b/c manufacturing is an intrastate affair that does not affect interstate commerce.
Stafford v. Wallace - 1922 About meatpackers and stockyards. SCOTUS rules that the stockyards are part of interstate commerce b/c they are part of "flow of commerce. The stockyard is not where the commerce ends, it is just an intermediary before it continues to be sold.
Champion v. Ames - 1903 Champion charged with violating law of transportation of lottery tickets through mail. Champion argues the law violates 10th Amendment. SCOTUS rules that lotteries are traffic and therefore commerce and therefore Congress can regulate.
Hammer v. Dagenhart - 1918 Dagenhart's kids could work before law. Sues for damages under Federal Child Labor Act which stops them from working. SCOTUS rules that Congress can not regulate child labor with commerce clause, claiming employee hours are an indirect effect of commerce.
A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. V. United States - 1935 - New Deal Legislation - - Sick Chicken Case - Deals with National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Regulates all areas of business. Schechter corp violates the act. Refutes the law, claiming its unconstitutional delegation of power and violated commerce clause. Flow stops when chickens enter state.
National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation - 1937 (Switch in Time that Saved Nine) Deals with the National Labor Relations Act. Steel corp fires 10 workers for wanting to join union. Goes to SCOTUS. Rule that corp is national and participates in interstate commerce. Strikes hurt interstate commerce. Corp must comply with NLRA.
United States v. Darby - 1941 Can regulate if there is significant impact on interstate commerce. FLSA is passed, provides minimum wage and max hours. Darby owns lumber yard, refuses to comply. States law is unconstitutional under commerce clause. SCOTUS overturns Hammer v. Dagenhart, no distinction between direct and indirect effects.
Wickard v. Filburn - 1942 Farmer who grows extra wheat for his own farm's consumption. SCOTUS rules that Congress can prevent this b/c in the aggregate, farmers who grow extra reduce from supply and therefore hurt the Agricultural Adjustment Act's Goal.
Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States - 1964 Hotel doesn't integrate, claims Civil Rights Act is unconstitutional use of Commerce Clause. SCOTUS rules the ability to use lodging affects interstate commerce. Discrimination harms interstate commerce, therefore Congress can regulate it.
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985) FLSA is expanded to state employees. State transit co won't pay Garcia overtime and minimum wage. Sues and goes to SCOTUS. SCOTUS rules that there is no sacred area that commerce power cannot reach. Traditional State function means nothing.
United States v. Lopez - 1995 Test: Congress can regulate here: 1. Channels of interstate commerce. 2. Protection the people or orgs that are part of interstate commerce. 3. Areas that are substantially related to interstate commerce. Lopez brings gun to school Charged under Gun-Free School Zone Act. Lopez claims law is unconstitutional use of commerce clause. SCOTUS makes 3 pronged test. SCOTUS rules that the Gun-Free Act fails to pass the test, therefore unconstitutional.
United States v. Morrison - 2000 Morrison Raped Brzonkala. Brzonkala charges under Violence against women act. Morrison claims act is unconstitutional under commerce clause. SCOTUS rules that it fails the three prong test, therefore Congress has no right to regulate under commerce.
Gonzales v. Raich - 2005 Raich uses Medical Marijuana. Fed DEA destroys her plans under CSA. Sue feds, go to SCOTUS. Rules Case is like Wickard, growing marijuana for own use. B/c gov wants to stop interstate commerce, they can regulate. This is not like morrison / lopez.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Obamacare. SCOTUS rules that Individual Mandate is unconstitutional b/c it forces people to buy things they don't want. Feds claim it's constitutional b/c people will eventually needcare. If legal, it would mean Congress could force people to do anything.
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. - 1895 Charles pollock sues to make the company not have to pay the national income tax. Claims it's unconstitutional. SCOTUS claims the income tax was an direct tax, not a duty. Direct taxes must be appropriated among the states according to the Constitution.
United States v. United States Shoe Corp - 1998 Congress passes Habor Maintenance Tax. Shoe corp sues, saying its a tax on exports. SCOTUS rules, stating that it is indeed an export tax b/c services paid for are not equal to services rendered. Therefore, unconstitutional.
South Carolina v. Baker - 1988 Congress Passes Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA). Feds can tax state bond income. S.C. sue claiming violation of 10th amendment and State Tax Immunity. SCOTUS rules that S.C. interpretation was old and that both sovereigns could tax peopl
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