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Gross Anatomy 2
Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This side of the heart receives poorly oxygenated blood from the body through the Superior Vena Cave (SVC) and Inferior Vena Cave (IVC) and pumps it to pulmonary trunk | Right heart |
| This side of the heart receives well-oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the aorta for distribution to the body | Left heart |
| How many chambers does the heart have? | 4 |
| Name the chambers | 1. Right and left atria 2. Right and left ventricles |
| What does the Atria "do"? | The atria is the receiving chamber; pumps blood into the ventricles |
| What does the Ventricles "do"? | The ventricles are the discharging chambers |
| What are the layers of the heart wall? | Endocardium (thin internal layer) Myocardium (thick, comprised of cardiac muscle) Epicardium (thin external layer) |
| What is the function of the Fibrous Skeleton of the heart? | 1. keeps orifices open and prevents over-distention 2. attachment site for valve leaflets and cusps 3. attachment for myocardium 4. forms an electrical "insulation" between the atria and ventricles |
| The fibrous skeleton is composed of dense collagen that forms? | 1. 4 fibrous rings that surround the valve orifices 2. Right and left fibrous trigone (connections between the rings) 3. Membranous parts of the interatrial and interventicular septa |
| What is the external demarcation between the atria and ventricles? | Coronary Sulcus (Atrioventricular Groove) |
| What is the external demarcation between the right and left ventricles? | Anterior and Posterior Interventricular Sulci |
| What shape does the heart look like from Anterior or posterior view? | Trapezoidal |
| What is directed anteriorly and to the left of the heart? | Apex |
| What is opposite of the apex, facing mostly posteriorly? | Base |
| The heart has how many sides? | 4 |
| The Apex of the heart is formed by? | inferolateral part of the left ventricle |
| The Apex of the heart lies posterior to the? | 5th intercostal space in adults ~9cm from the median plane |
| Does the Apex remain motionless during cardiac cycle? | Yes |
| What is the heart's posterior aspect called? | Base of the heart |
| The base of the heart is formed by? | mainly by the left atrium (plus a little bit of right atrium) |
| The base of the heart faces posteriorly toward which vertebral bodies? | T6-T9 |
| The left atrial portion receives ______________ on its right and left sides | pulmonary veins |
| The right atrial portion receives _______________ on its superior end | Superior Vena Cave |
| The right atrial portion receives _______________ on its inferior end | Inferior Vena Cave |
| Surface of the heart: formed mainly by the right ventricle | Anterior (Sternocostal) Surface |
| Surface of the heart: formed mainly by the left ventricle and partly by the right ventricle; it is related mainly to the central tendon of the diaphragm | Diaphragmatic (Inferior) surface |
| Surface of the heart: formed mainly by the right atrium | Right Pulmonary Surface |
| Surface of the heart: formed mainly by the left ventricle; it forms cardiac impression in the left lung | Left Pulmonary Surface |
| Which border of the heart is slightly convex; formed by the right atrium and extends between the SVC and IVC? | Right Border |
| Which border of the heart is nearly horizontal; formed mainly by the right ventricle and slightly by the left ventricle? | Inferior Border |
| Which border of the heart is oblique; nearly vertical; formed mainly by the left ventricle and slightly by the left auricle? | Left Border |
| Which border of the heart is formed by the right and left atria and auricles in an anterior view? | Superior Border |
| Ear-like conical muscular pouch that projects from the right atrium; overlapping the ascending aorta | Right Auricle |
| Anterior of the Right atrium: What is the Sinus Venarum? | Smooth, thin-walled posterior portion located of openings of SVC, IVC, and Coronary sinus |
| At what Costal cartilage are the SVC and IVC located at? | SVC @ Right 3rd costal cartilage IVC @ Right 5th Costal cartilage |
| Composes the rough, muscular anterior wall of the right atrium | Pectinate Muscle |
| The opening through which blood passes from the Right atrium to the Right ventricle | Right AV Orfice |
| What is between the right AV Orifice and the IVC Orifice? | Opening of the Coronary Sinus |
| Interatrial Septum: The fetal opening between the atria | Foramen Ovale |
| Interatrial Septum: The remnant of the foramen ovale | Fossa Ovalis |
| Shallow vertical groove that externally separates the smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall | Sulcus Terminalis |
| Vertical ridge that internally separates the smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall | Crista Terminalis |
| Of the Right ventricle: aka infundibulum, superior, tapered, smooth, arterial cone that leads into the pulmonary trunk = outflow portion | Conus Arteriosus |
| Of the Right ventricle: irregular muscular elevations on the walls of the ventricles = inflow portion | Trabeculae Carneae |
| Of the Right ventricle: thick muscular ridge that separates the inflow and outflow portions (i.e., smooth vs. ridged) | Supraventricular Crest |
| What is the opening allowing inflow part of the right ventricle to receive blood from the right atrium | Right Atrioventricular Orifice (AV; Tricuspid) |
| Where is the Right Atrioventricular Orifice located (which intercostal spaces?) | Located @ 4th and 5th intercostal spaces |
| This is formed by three valve cusps whose bases are attached to the fibrous ring and also guards the Right AV Orifice | Tricuspid Valve |
| What are the tendinous cords that attach to the free edges of the AV valve cusps | Chordae Tendineae |
| What are the conical muscular projections of the ventricular wall | Papillary Muscles |
| What are the 2 main functions of the papillary muscles | 1. prevent prolapse as ventricular pressure increases 2. prevents regurgitation of blood (backwards flow) |
| How many papillary muscles are in the Tricuspid valve | 3: Anterior, Posterior, and Septal Papillary muscles |
| What is the portion between the right and left ventricles - forms part of the walls of each | Interventricular Septum (IVS) |
| What are the 2 parts of the interventricular Septum (IVS) | Muscular and membranous |
| The muscular portion of the IVS forms what? | forms the majority of the septum |
| The membranous portion of the IVS is part of the ______ | Part of the fibrous skeleton; thin membrane superiorly and posteriorly |
| What structure is also called the Moderator band | Septomarginal Trabecula |
| What structure is from the inferior part of IVS to the base of the anterior papillary muscle ---> traverses the right ventricle | Septomarginal Trabecula |
| What is the "function" of the Septomarginal Trabecula? | acts as a shortcut that carriers part of the right AV bundle branch (~part of the heart's conducting system) = coordinates contractions of the anterior papillary muscle |
| This structure deflects the incoming blood from the right atrium into the main cavity of the ventricle | Supraventricular crest |
| This structure is located at the apex of the conus arteriosus | Pulmonary Valve |
| At what costal cartilage is the pulmonary valve located | Located @ the level of the left 3rd costal cartilage |
| What chamber has the pairs of right and left pulmonary veins that enter the posterior wall | Left atrium |
| This structure overlaps the root of the pulmonary trunk | Left auricle |
| Why does the left ventricle performs more work than the right ventricle? | Due to higher arterial pressure in the systemic vs. pulmonary circulation |
| In the left ventricle, this structure is finer and more numerous than in the right ventricle | Trabeculae Carneae |
| Smooth-walled, non-muscular, supero-anerior outflow part; leads to the aortic orifice and aortic valve | Aortic Valve |
| aka the bicuspid valve or left AV valve; double-leaflet valve that guards the left AV orifice | Mitral Valve |
| This structure is located in the right posterosuperior part of the left ventricle | Aortic Orifice |
| The ascending aorta begins here | Aortic Orifice |
| What structure resembles a bishop's miter? (headdress or hat) | Mitral (Mitral valve) |
| What structure is located between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta | Aortic Valve |
| What structure is located posterior to the left side of the sternum @ the level of the 3rd intercostal space | Aortic valve |
Created by:
Treez10