Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

HCR 240 First Exam

pathophysiology exam one material

Question	Answer
Deals with cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, and the effects of such changes on cellular/organ/body structure and function	Pathophysiology
The origin of disease; cause; risk factors (how disease was caused)	Etiology
The "sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with the etiologic agents until the ultimate expression of a disease" (origin)	pathogenesis
Changes in the underlying structure or form of cells or tissues both microscopic and grossly observable	morphological changes
"describes the effects an illness has on a person's life"	Morbidity
Statistics expressing death rates, often for specific diseases (heart disease, cancer, lung disease...ect) and specific population	Mortality
Smoking is responsible for approximately ____% of all deaths in the US	20
High blood pressure is responsible for _____% deaths in adults	16.7
Obesity and Physical inactivity accounts for ___% of all deaths	17
____% of all deaths can be attributed to poor dietary choices	45
High blood pressure (hypertension) kills ____x as many women as breast cancer	5
___% of the alcohol related deaths happen to men	70
High blood sugar killed __x as many people as alcohol	3
BMI 25.0 to 29.99 ___% more likely to die during study	13
BMI 30.0 to 34.99 (grade 1 obesity) _____% more likely to die during study	44
BMI 35.0 to 39.99 (grade 2 obesity) _____% more likely to die during study	88
BMI > 40 (grade 3 obesity; morbid obesity) more likely to die ___%	250
Across recent decades, obesity accounted for ____% of deaths among black and white americans between the ages of 40 and 85.	18
_____ signaling relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body	endocrine
_____ signaling enzyme rapidly metabolize the chemical mediators, therefore they act mainly on nearby cells	paracrine
______signaling occurs when a cell releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity (self-stimulatiing)	Autocrine
______ signaling occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitter act only on adjacent nerve cells through special contact areas (synapses)	synaptic
Movement of water across membrane- from an area of lesser concentration to area of greater concentration	osmosis
gas and other substances move- from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration	diffusion
carrier system to move large complex substances, such as glucose, across membrane	Facilitated Diffusion
Can move against a concentration gradient-takes energy to do this, need ATP such as in sodium and potassium pumps	Active transport
low permeability-negative inside cell membrane (action potentials)	resting membrane potential
when cell is stimulated to produce action potential	threshold potential
hgihly permeable to sodium ions-positive inside cell membrane	depolarization
polarity of resting potential is reestablished	repolarization
______ is avascular, supported by basement membrane; for covering	epithelium
_____: decrease in size of body bart (cell, tissues, organs) 1. due to disease, denervation, lack of endocrine stimulation, decreased nutrition, ischemia (reversible)	atrophy
Increase in size of body part: 1. physiology increased muscle mass due to exercise 2. pathologic: unwanted effects (increased heart size)	Hypertrophy
Increased in number of cells	Hyperplasia
changes from one cell type to another	metaplasia
cells with variations in size, shape, appearance- chronic irritation or inflammation; may become precursors to malignant tumors when begin to change function	dysplasia
DNA to RNA	transcription
RNA to protein	translation
__RNA copies and carries the DNA instruction for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm	messenger
_RNA site of preteen synthesis	Ribosomal
_RNA transports amino acids to the site of proteins synthesis for incorporation into the protein being synthesized	transfer
genetic information stored in the base sequence triplet code	genotype
"expression of the gene"- recognizable traits physical, or biochemical associated with specific genotype	phenotype
____ refers to the manner in which the gene is expressed in the phenotype, which can range from mild to severe	Expressitivity
____ represents the ability of a gene to express its function (statistics in population of how many people express that gene)	Penetrance
two alleles of a given pair are the same "allele pair look alike"	homozygotes
have different alleles at gene locus	heterozygotes
_____ trait is one expressed only in a homozygous pairing (hides itself)	Recessive
_____ trait is one expressed only in either a homozygous or heterozygous pairing (gene that is being read in the Chromosome)	Dominant
____ is a person who is herozygous for a recessive trait and does not manifest the trait	carrier
Alternate forms of a gene at gene locus	Allele
Genetic?	Hereditary
Present at birth?	congenital and Birth Defect
50% chance of transmitting disorder	autosomal dominant
#1 autosomal disorder in US?	familial hypercholesterolemia
#1 ARD among European Americans?	Cystic fibrosis
#1 ARN among African Americans?	Sickle-cell Disease
#1 X-linked gene disorder worldwide	G6PD dificiency
Most common chromosome disorder?	Trisomy 21
Most vulnerable period of organogenesis?	15-60 days (8weeks)
what is the product of altered cell growth? usually are classified as benign or malignant?	neoplasm/cancer
neoplasm that contain well-differentiated cells that are clustered together in a single mass	benign
_____. are less well differentiated and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory or lymphatic system and form secondary ____ tumors at other sites	malignant
_____cells are essential or functional elements of an organ (distinguished from stroma or framework)	parenchymal
benign tumor derived from epithelium *arise from skin, mucous membrane, or glandular ducts)	Papilloma
growth protruding from mucous membrane (common in uterus) usually benign	Polyp
Something that procedes (oncogenic)	precursor
the study of tumors (sum of knowledge)	oncology
production or causation of tumors	oncogenesis
lack of cell differentiation	anaplasia
time for the total mass of cells in the tumor to double?	doubling time
describe the development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor	metastasis
manifestation in sites that are not directly affected by disease	paraneoplastic syndrome
Microscopic examination of cells, to see if anaplasia is present	grading
information about progression of the disease	staging
things in environment causing cell to adapt or maladapt (intensity and duration)	stressor
Heat _____ is severe, plasmodia cramps in abdomen, and extremities following prolonged sweating and sodium loss	Heat cramps
heat _____ increased body temperatures leading to hypothalamic responses of vasodilation and increased perspiration	Exhaustion
Heat_____ usually as response to prolonged elevated environmental temperature above 100˚F, body temperature rises without vasodilation and profuse sweatin	stroke
As core temperature exceeds _____degrees neuroendocrine control becomes lost as tissue damage occurs (damage to hypothalamus)	104.9
Seizures (because of neural damage) may occur with core/ brain temperatures is over____	105.8
death (neural death) with brain temperature over _____	109.4
______ is when the core temperature (rectal, esophageal, or tympanic) is below 35'C (95F)	Hypothermia
____ hypothermia <35'C down to 32.2'C (95-90) SX: HTN, Shivering, tachycardia, tachypnea, apathy, ataxia, cold-induced diuresis	Mild
_______ hypothermia < 32.2'C down to 28'C (90-82.5'F) SX: atrial dysrhythmias, decreased HR, RR, LOC, pupils dilate, hyporeflexia	Moderate
______ hypothermia <28'C (<82.4) SX: apnea, coma, decreased to absent HR, nonreactive pupils, oliguria, pulmonary edema, dysrhythmias, death at something below 50'F	Severe
diseases that produce body dysfunction because of the presence of another living agent in or on the human body	infectious disease
interactions between hosts and microorganisms are inoffensive, neither is harmed	Commensalism
Some relationships are actually beneficial to both the host and parasite - bacteria in GI tract make vitamin K	Mutualism
Infecting organism causes damage to the host-pathogens	parasitic relationship
subclinical but can transmit to others	carrier state
not normal pathogenic but produce harmful effects when host is weaken physiologically	Opportunistic pathogenicity
period of pathogenesis (how long until virus becomes symptomatic)	incubation period
symptoms show up, generalized, vague and non-specific	predromal stage
specific, local signs and symptoms plus generalized symptoms	acute stage
amelioration of generalized symptoms	convalescent stage
pathogen gone..........	Resolution
Link part of the internal cytoskeleton with extracellular cadherins of an adjacent cell (hemophilic)	cadherins
Bind carboyhydrates present on the ligands of an adjacent cell in a heterophilic interaction - found on activated endothelial cells of blood vessels, on leukocytes and on platelets	Selectins
assist in attaching epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane - extracellularly attach to fibrinectin and laminin	Integrins
Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMS), expressed in a variety of cells including most nerve cells	Immunoglobulin Seperfamily of proteins
Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organisms	necrosis
_____necrosis: some cell die but their catalytic enzyme are not destroyed	liquefaction
_____necrosis: acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell	coagulation
____ necrosis: dead cells persist indefinitely	caseous
term applied when a considerable amount of tissue undergoes necrosis	gangrene
___ gangrene: arterial insufficiency- skin wrinkles-black-brown color, line of demarcation-never gets infected	Dry
___ gangrene: cold, swollen, pulseless skin, moist, black and under tension (no line of demarcation- often gets infected- results from interference with venous return from part	Wet
the degree to which gene or particular group of genes is active	Gene expression
an important process by which gene expression is increased	induction
cell is starting to prepare for DNA replication and mitosis through protein synthesis and an increase in organelle and cytoskeletal elements	G1 phase
Dna synthesis and replication of chromosomes	S phase
enzymes and other proteins needed for cell division are synthesized and move to their proper sites	G2 phase
Formation of meiotic spindle and cell division with formation of two daughter cells	M phase
____ fever: temperature returns to normal at least once every 24 hours	intermittent
____ fever: temperature does not return to normal and varies few degrees either way	remittent
_____fever: tempe remains above normal with minimal variations	sustained or continuous
____fever: one or more episodes of fever (each as long as several days) with one or more days with normal temperature in between	recurrent or relapsing
In infants younger than 3 mo. a mild elevation in temperature can indicate a serious infections _____degrees	100.4
elderly often have a lower baseline temperature- so a slight fever can indicate bad infection	99 degrees
Common clinical manifestations of fever:	anorexia, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue
-rapid- serves as a protective mechanism- occurs more in deconditioned muscles (bed rest)	Acute physical fatigue
Possible causes of chronic fatigue:	hypothyroidism, anemia, heart disease, lyme disease, lung disease, TB, hepatitis, and cancer
Cardiac response to bed rest:	change in blood volume. increased cardiac output, orthostatic hypotension, venous stasis with potential development of deep venous thrombosis
Pulmonary response:	atelactasis, hypoxemia, and pneumonia
Urinary tract response:	development of kidney stones
acquired from hosts own microbial flora, as in an opportunistic infections	endogenous
acquired from sources in the external environment	exogenous
inanimate objects that carry an infectious agent	fomites
passed from mom to baby during childbirth	congenital infections
passed from animals to humans	zoonoses
develop while in hospital	nosocomial
acquired outside of health care facilities	community acquired
collection of signs and symptoms expressed from host during the course of the disease (clinical picture/disease presentation)	symptomatology
Do not contain proteins, not actively released from bacteria, composed of lipids, and polysaccharides, no enzymatic activity	endotoxins
contain proteins released from bacterial cell during growth; enzymatically inactive or modify key cellular constituents leading to cell death and dysfunction	exotoxins
site to which microorganisms adhere	receptor
reciprocal molecule or substance that bind to the receptor	ligands or adhesions
ligands that bind to specific carbohydrates	lectins
encodes for many of the components of the complement system and play an important role in the innate immunity process	MHC III
Used for organ donation matching	HLA
early (almost immediate) reaction of local tissues and their blood vessels to injury	acute inflammation
migration of leukocytes toward the site of injury oriented along a chemical gradient	chemotaxis
produce anti platelet and antithrombotic agents that maintain vessels latency and vasodilators and vasoconstrictors that regulate blood flow	endothelial cells
cell fragments circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis	platelets (thrombocytes)
primary phagocyte that arrives early at the site of inflammation- increased with bacterial infections	neutrophils
circulate in the blood and are recruited to tissues; increased during allergic reactions and parasitic infections by controlling the release of specific chemical mediators	eosinophils
contain histamine and other mediators of inflammation, bind IgE by plasma cells through receptors on there cells surface	Basophils
contain functioning cells of an organ or body part	parenchymal tissues
consists of supporting connective tissue, blood volume, ECM and nerve fibers	stromal tissues
continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replace destroy	labile cells
normally stop dividing shen growth ceases, but grow with appropriate stimulus	stable cells
cannot undergo mitotic division- fibrous scar	permanent or fixed cells
begins at time of injury with formation of blood clot and the migration of phagocytic WBC into wound site: first cello to arrive are neutrophils then macrophages	Inflammatory phase
focus on the building of new tissue to fill wound space, key cells is fibroblast which secrete collagen and other things needed for wound healing; also produce growth factors which initiate angiogensis (growth of new blood vessel)	proliferative phase
occurs 3 weeks, after injury with development of a fibrous scar, decreased vascularity and continuous remodeling of scar tissue by simultaneous synthesis of collage by fibroblast and lysis increased tensile strength	wound contraction and remodeling phase
_______ reactions have IgE mediated reactions that develop rapidly upon exposure to an antigen, represents the classic allergic response: antigens are referred to as allergens in this context	Type 1 hypersensativity
for myelin in the CNS	Oligodendrocytes
most numerous neuroglial cell; form blood-brain barrier	astrocytes
small phagocytic cell that cleans up debris after cellular damage, infection or cell death	microglial
ependymal cell- forms the lining of neural tube cavity	ependymal cell
secrete a basement membrane that protects the cell body from diffusion of large molecules	satellite cells
wrap around each nerve process several times, line up along neural process and each form its own discrete myelin segment	schwann cells
___ order neurons: transmit sensory information from periphery to CNS	first
____ order neurons; communicate with various networks (directly to thalamus)	second
____ order neurons: relay infer from thalamus to cerebral cortex	third
what inflammatory mediators of swelling, redness, and warmth:	histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinins
inflammatory mediators of tissue damage:	neutrophils, macrophages, and lysosomal enzymes
Infl. mediators of chemotaxis, WBC attracted to bacteria	complement factors
Infla. mediators for pain:	prostaglandins, bradykinin
inflammation mediators of fever:	prostaglandin, endogenous pyrogens
inflammation mediators of leukocytosis:	leukocyte-stimulating factor
_____exudate: water, low in protein	serous
____ exudate: large amounts of fibrinogen, form thick and sticky meshwork	fibrinous
_____ exudate: develop on mucous membrane	membranous
____exudate: contains pus, abscess vs. cellulitis	purulent
____ exudate: blood	hemorrhagic
____exudate: combination of serous and blood	serosanguineous
Vascular response: _______ congested, warm - redness, and warmth	vasodilation
Vascular response: increased capillary permeability and escape fluid-___-	swelling
Vascular response: pain, impaired function	tissue swelling and release of chemical mediators
Cellular response: ____ ready to leave vascular system	margination and pavementing of leukocytes
Cellular response:______ into tissue spaces	emigration of WBC
Cellular response:______ positive (attracts WBC) or negative (repel WBC)	chemotaxis
Cellular response: _____ final stage where bacteria and debris are degraded	phagocytosis
Type __ allergic response: IgE mediated, allergic conditions that usually have familial predisposition	1
Type _ allergic response: IgM or IgG interactions (blood transfusion reactions(	2
Type ____ immune complex reactions: IgG or IgM mediated (kidney damage from acute glomerulonephritis)	III
Type ___ cell mediated hypersensitivity: T lymphocyte mediated (allergic and irritant forms of contact dermatitis;)	IV

Created by: Jessieevargas

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: