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Advances in Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many years have people tried to produce plants and animals with desirable traits? | thousands of years |
| name 3 methods people have used too develop organisms with desirable traits. | selective breeding, cloning, and genetic engineering |
| the process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation is | selective breeding |
| breeding programs who use selective breeding usually focus on what of the plant or animal to human. | increasing the value |
| why are dairy cows bred? | to produce large quantities of milk |
| why are many varieties of fruits and vegetables bred? | to resist diseases and insect pests |
| one useful selective breeding technique. involves crossing two individuals that have identical or similar sets of alleles. | inbreeding |
| organisms that result from inbreeding have alleles that _____ ______ to those of their parents | very similar |
| what did Mendel use inbreeding for? | to produce purebred pea plants for his experiments |
| what is one goal of inbreeding? | produce breeds of animals with specific traits |
| Because of inbreeding organisms are genetically very similar, so inbreeding produces the offspring's chance to inherit what? | new allele combinations |
| Another selective breeding technique where breeders cross two genetically different individuals. | hybridization |
| organisms that result from hybridization results in breeds to have the _______ traits from both parents | best |
| one problem with ________ ________ is that the breeder cannot control whether the _______ ______ is passed from parent to offspring | selective breeding; desired allele |
| why can't the breeder from selective breeding control whether the desired allele is passed from parents to offspring? | the transmission of alleles is determined by probablity |
| for some organisms there is another technique that is used to produce offspring with desired triats, which is known as what? | cloning |
| organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produce | clone |
| which genes does the clone of an organisms from which it was produced from have | the exact same genes |
| cloning can be done in what living things? | plants, animals, as well as other organisms |
| what is one way to produce a clone of a plant | through a cutting |
| small part of a plant, such as a leaf or stem, that is cut from the plant. This can grow into an entire new plant | cutting |
| the new plant that results from a cutting is __________ ________ to the plant from which the cutting was taken | genetically identical |
| name the first clone of an adult mammal ever produced. | Dolly, the lamb |
| how did researchers create dolly? | removing the egg cell from one sheep |
| that egg cell from one sheep has a nucleus that was replaced with what? | the nucleus from a cell of a six year old sheep |
| the egg cell was then implanted in the _______ of a third sheep | uterus |
| 5 months after the process of the egg cell being removed and the nucleus being replaced and the nucleus being implanted, who was born? | Dolly ,the lamb |
| dolly is genetically identical to whom? | the six year old sheep that supplied the nucleus |
| dolly is therefore a _______ to the six year old sheep that supplied the nucleus | clone |
| name two other animals that have been cloned after dolly | pigs and calves |
| what do scientists hope they will do by cloning animals? | that humans will live healthier lives |
| in the past few years, geneticist have developed another powerful technique for producing organisms with desired traits. genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism which is known as the process called what? | genetic engineering |
| what is another name for genetic engineering, because a DNA molecule is cut open and a gene from another organism is spliced into it? | "gene splicing" |
| genetic engineering can produce ________ and improve food crops and many _____ for human _____ ________ | medicines; cures for human genetic disorders |
| when did researchers have their first successful genetic engineering? | when they inserted DNA from other organisms into bacteria |
| some bacterial cells also contain small circular pieces of DNA called _______ | plasmids |
| once DNA is spliced into the ______ the bacterial cell and all its offspring will contain this human gene; as a result the bacteria produce the ________ that the human genes code for. | plasmid; protein |
| today where are many human proteins produced? | in genetically engineered bacteria |
| today, an unlimited supply of ____ exists thanks to genetically engineered bacteria | hormone |
| genetic engineering has also been used to do what? | insert genes into the cells of the other organisms |
| name some plants that scientists have inserted genes from bacteria into the cells of those plants | tomatoes, wheat, rice, and other important crops |
| some genes transferred from bacteria to the cells of plants enable them to survive ____ _________, ____ soil conditions, and to ______ insect pests | old; poor; resist |
| genetic engineering techniques can also be used to insert genes into animals from bacteria to produce what which are important to humans | medicines |
| scientists have helped people with ________ by inserting genes into cows who then produce human proteins for which the genes code for | hemophelia |
| how are researchers using genetic engineering to try to help whom? | to correct some genetic disorders in humans |
| involves inserting working copies of a gene directly into cells of a person with genetic disorder | gene therapy |
| gene therapy is still an __________ ______ for treating genetic disorders. researchers are working hard to improve this promising technique | experimental method |
| in court rooms aross the country, a genetic technique called _______ ______________ is being used to help solve crimes | DNA fingerprinting |
| no two people have the same ____________ | fingerprints |
| DNA samples from where on a person can help identify a person | hair, skin, and blood |
| no two people, except ________ ______, have the same DNA | identical twins |
| in DNA fingerprinting ____ are used to cut DNA in the sample found at the crime scene into fragments. an electrical current then separates the fragments by ___ to form a pattern of bands | enzymes; size |
| each person's pattern of DNA bands are _______ | unique |
| all the DNA in one cell of an organism | genome |
| resaerchers estimate that 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up the human genome contain about ___ billion DNA base pairs- or about 30,000 to 35,000 | 3 |
| identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.This is the goal of a particular project called what? | human genome project |
| what will the human genome project provide scientists with an encyclopedia of? | genetic information about humans |
| with the human genome project, scientist will know every _____ sequence of every human _______, and thus the _______ _____ sequence of every protein | DNA; gene; amino acid |
| with the information from the human genome project, researchers may gain a _________ _____________ of how humans develop from a fertilized egg to an adult | better understanding |
| they may also learn more about what makes the body work, and what? | what causes things to go wrong |
| new understandings may lead to ______ ___________ and prevention strategies for many disorders and for diseases such as cancer | new treatments |
Created by:
Studystackgal