Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
physiology-respirato
Stack #186542
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| internal respiration refers to | cellular respiration (ie. ETC) |
| what is the respiratory quotient (RQ)? | ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed |
| what is the respiratory quotient of carbohydrate | 1 (6 O2 consumed, 6 CO2 produced therefore 1:1) |
| in respiratory system what direction do cilia beat | towards pharynx (unidirectional beatings) |
| affect of breathing in dry air on mucus in respiratory tract? | mucus covering the airway get too dense. |
| which cells in airway produce H2O to hydrate mucus? | all epithelial cells in airway |
| affect of dense mucus on cilia | dense mucus - cilia don't beat at all |
| affect of dilute mucus on cilia | cilia beat too fast |
| role of cilia in airway | remove dust particles out of the airway |
| major glands in respiratory system + their function | goblet cell - secrete viscous mucous serous cell - secrete serin which dilutes mucus |
| when sick body produces excess mucous because | increased number of goblet cell |
| which nerves signal (indirectly) mucus glands (goblet, serous, etc) to secrete mucus | cholinergic afferent nerve in intercellular space sends signal to brain which receives the information and stimulates secretions via cholinergic efferent nerve. |
| contraction of __ causes an ejection of mucus in ducts | myoepithelial cells |
| symptom of cystic fibrosis | thick, dehydrated mucous, due to defected Cl- channels. |
| cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) pumps __ in which directions? | Cl- to apical surface, Na+ to inside of epithelial cell. |
| airway epithelial cells held together by | tight junctions |
| in airway epithelial cells __ surface is more negative than ___ surface. this is called | apical, basal. depolarized |
| how is apical airway epithelial surface hydrated/dehydrated? | hydrated by opening up Cl- channels dehydrated by opening up Na+ channels |
| how is Cl- in airway epithelial cell pumped out passively? | 1.NA/K pump creates high [Na+] in basal surface 2.pumped Na+ from basal surface diffuse into the cell, the energy is harnessed to pump K+ and Cl- into the cell. |
| body's response to compensate for breathing in humid air | close Cl- channel and open Na+ channel |
| thick mucus in airway a symptom of | cystic fibrosis |
| defensin, function | antimicrobial peptide, kill bacteria by forming channels in membrane. |
| two characteristics of defensin | 1.amphiphilic(one side more hydrophilic), cationic(+v charged) 2.stored, delivered on stimulation (eg. presence of bacteria) |
| results from infecting healthy and cystic fibrotic cell with bacteria. | Normal cell:bacteria killed(defensin was active) CF cell:bacteria survives(Defensin was inactive) |
| function of alveolar 1 cells | form continuous alveolar walls |
| function of alveolar 2 cells | produce surfactant, replace damaged type 1 cells |
| function of alveolar macrophage | ingest pathogens |
| surfactant increase or decrease lung compliance | increase |
| surfactant level increase when | taking deep breaths |
| surfactant level decreases when | taking small breaths |
| in Laplace equation P represents | pressure directed inward towards alveola |
| high P in Laplace equation represents | low lung compliance |
| alveoloar surface tension caused by | attractive forces between water molecules lining alveoli |
| laplace formula | P= 2gamma/radius |
| surfactant affects which variable in laplace equation | lowers gamma(surface tension) |
| how do small alveoli collapse into large alveoli | small alveoli has higher P (because of smaller radius) hence air will flow to bigger alveoli because it has a higher lung compliance |
| how should distribution of surfactant be in alveoli of different sizes? | smaller alveoli -> more surfactant larger alveoli -> less surfactant so that you don't get alveoli collapsing |
| 2 functions of surfactin | 1.lower surface tention 2.alter surface tension depending on radii of alveoli |
| respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | immature type 2 alveolar cells in infants |
| nitrogen narcosis | high ambient pressure under water causing more N2 to be dissolved in the tissue. (high pN2) => reduce excitability of neurons |
| what happens during rapid ascend in water? | ambient pressure decreases fast causing N2 dissolved in blood and tissue to leave and thereby forming bubbles |
| the diffusion coefficient of CO2 is __ than O2 and the result is | higher, rapid diffusion for a given pressure gradient |
| diffusion of gases depends on what variables? | area through which the diffusion occurs(A), diffusion coefficient(D), pressure difference(P1-P2), distance through which the gas must travel(L) |
| affect of fibrosis | fibrotic tissue accumulates in alveoli and thickens it ie. increases the L in Fick's equation |
| affect of pulmonary adema | fluid accumulation in alveoli causing thickened membrane ie. increase the L Fick's equation |
| J in fick's law is | diffusion rate |
| muscles involved in inspiration | scalenes, externernal intercostals, diaphragm |
| muscles involved in forced expiration | abdominal muscles, internal intercostal |
| for lung mechanics purposes, all pressures compared to ___ pressure which is equal to | Patm = 0 |
| Palv is negative or positive during inspiration | negative |
| Palv negative means | it is small than Patm |
| Ppl is | pressure in pleural cavity |
| Ptr is | pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the lungs |
| static recoil pressure of lung called | Ptr |
| Palv is negative or positive during expiration | positive |
| which pressure holds the lung expanded | Ptr |
| during inspiration | 1.volume of pleural cavity inc. which decreases Ppl 2.dec. Ppl inc. Ptr 3.inc.Ptr expands lung 4.volume of alv inc. which dec. Palv. 5.air rushes in |
| Palv when all muscles relaxed | 0 (= 760 mmHg) |
| Pneumothrorax | punch hole thorugh parietal pleura |
| when happens if you punch a hole through parietal pleura | Ppl = 0, Palv = 0 => Ptr = 0. lung collapse |
| Ppl is usually | lower than Patm. ie Ppl<0 |
| pulmonary fibrosis is | proliferation of connective tissue making the lungs less compliant |
| relation between compliance and stiffness | inc. compliance => dec. stiffness |
| a condition in which the lungs become stiff is called | pulmonary fibrosis |
| in patients with pulmonary fibrosis you would expect the total lung capacity to be (at a specific Ptr) smaller or bigger | smaller, because lungs cannot fully expand |
| in patients with emphysema you would expect the total lung capacity to be (at a specific Ptr) smaller or bigger | bigger |
| lung compliance depends on | lung volume wrt Ptr |
| pulmonary ventilation(PV) | amount of air moved out of the lungs each minute |
| pulmonary ventilation(PV) calculated by | freq*depth of breathing |
| amount of air moved out of the lungs each minute called | pulmonary ventilation (PV) |
| anatomical dead space is | space where no air exchange occurs (ie. conducting portion of respiratory system) |
| alveolar ventilation (AV) | volume of air EXCHANGED (ie not at anatomical dead space) between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute |
| volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli called | alveolar ventilation (AV) |
| AV is calculated by | PV-DSV (deadspace ventilation) |
| space where no air exchange occurs (ie. conducting portion of respiratory system) called | anatomical dead space |
| alveolar dead space is | alveoli with no blood supply for gas exchange |
| physiological dead space is | sum of all dead spaces (anatomical + alveolar) |
| alveoli with no blood supply for gas exchange is | alaveolar dead space |
| dead space ventilation(DSV) is calculated | dead space volume * freq |
| hypoventilation means | low alveolar ventilation |
| high __ ventilation means hyperventilation | alveolar ventilation |
| tidal volume is | air exchange when resting |
| residual volume is | volume in lung that cannot be removed. ie. volume of air remaining after force exhalation |
| expiratory reserve is | air that can be exhaled forcefully |
| inspiratory reserve is | air that can be inhaled forcefully |
| volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully is | expiratory reserve |
| volume of air that can be inhaled forcefully is | inspiratory reserve |
| how is volume of air breathed in and out of lungs measured? | using spirometer |
| what is spirometer | measures volume of air breathed in and out of lungs |
| Inspiratory capacity is | inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume |
| inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume | inspiratory capacity |
| functional residual capacity is | expiratory reserve volume + residual volume |
| vital capacity is | inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume |
| expiratory reserve volume + residual volume | functional residual capacity |
| inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume | vital capacity |
| term capacity when describing lung volume is used when | a volume can be broken down into smaller volumes |
| a person takes a maximal inspiration. maximum amount of air that this person can expire is | vital capacity = inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve |
| changing from standing to supine position changes | decreases functional residual capacity |
| total lung volume is calculated (using what formula) | C1V1 = (V1+Vlung)C2 |
| forced expiratory volume(FEV1) is | maximum volume of air expired in the first second of expiration (after max inspiration) |
| if airway is obstructed how would it affect the forced expiratory volume? | decrease FEV1 to vital capacity ratio |
| agonists for muscarinic receptors | ACh |
| ACh binds to what receptor | muscarinic |
| muscarinic receptor results in __ in airway | brochoconstriction |
| NE binds to what receptor | alpha-adrenoceptor |
| E binds to what receptor | beta-adrenoceptor |
| agonists for alpha and beta adrenoceptor | NE and E |
| alpha adrenoceptor results in __ in airway | bronchoconstriction |
| beta adrenoceptor results in __ in airway | bronchodilation |
| ___ receptor results in bronchoconstriction | muscarinic, alpha adrenoceptor |
| ___ receptor result sin bronchodilation | beta adrenoceptor |
| therapy for asthma | 1.anti-inflammatory drugs(glucocorticoid) 2.bronchodilator drug(binds to beta-ad. receptor) - short term treatment |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | narrowing airway due to excess mucous secretion |
| two types of COPD (Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease) | 1.Chronic bronchitis, 2.Emphysema |
| Chronic bronchitis symptom | excessive mucus production. mucus get trapped |
| Emphysema symptom | collapsing smaller airways, breakdown of alveoli. |
| Emphysema caused by | overexpression of digestive enzyme (trypsin) and / or inability to produce enough alpha1-antitrypsin |
| overexpression of digestive enzyme (trypsin) and / or inability to produce enough alpha1-antitrypsin results in | Emphysema, or destruction of lung tissue |
| cure for emphysema | alpha-antitrypsin to remove excess trypsin |
| pulmonary resistance higher or lower than systemic resistance | much lower |
| pO2 and pCO2 in systemic arteries | pO2 = 100, pCO2 = 40 |
| how does CO2 diffuse across membrane when the pressure difference between capillary and cell is only ~6 | CO2 has a very high diffusion coefficient thus 6 is enough for diffusion from tissue to blood |
| CO2 at lung moves which direction? | out of blood into alveoli |
| there is no blood flow in ___ region of lung due to | upper, Alveolar pressure higher than pulmonary artery pressure. (results in negative Ptr) |
| driving pressure for blood in middle region of lung | Pa-Palv |
| driving pressure for blood in lowest region of lung | Pa-Pv |
| PO2 in pulmonary vein is about 5mmHg less than PO2 in alveoli. Why is this the case | the uppermost lung has Palv = Pa therefore no gas exchange occurs there (dead space) |
| Ventilation-perfusion balance for | diverting blood away from the poorly ventilated alveoli to achieve maximum efficiency of gas exchange |
| ion channels involved in ventilation perfusion balance | O2 sensing K+ channel, Volt dependent Ca2+ channel |
| How is blood diverted away from area of no gas ventilation? (what channels are involved) | 1.O2 sensing K+ channel close causes depolarization 2.Volt dependent Ca2+ channel open, Ca2+ rush into cell 3.cause smooth muscle contraction |
| In normoxia what channel remains open/closed? | K+ open, Ca2+ closed => no smooth muscle contraction |
| most of CO2 in body is carried as | bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
| What molec in Hb does O2 bind to | Fe2+ |
| affect of CO on sigmoidal Hb curve | shifts the curve to left |
| affect of H+ on sigmoidal Hb curve | shifts the curve to right |
| affect of 23DPG on sigmoidal Hb curve | shifts the curve to right |
| affect of pCO2 on sigmoidal Hb curve | shifts the curve to right |
| how is CO2 converted to bicarbonate? where does this occur | CO2 + H2O ->(carbonic anhydrase) H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+, occurs in rbc |
| H+ produced by converting CO2 to bicarbonate is neutralized by | H+ + Hb -> HbH |
| anion exchanger move what ions | move HCO3- and Cl- in opposite directions |
| different hypoxia | hypoxic hypoxia, circulatory hypoxia, anemic hypoxia, histotoxic hypoxia |
| hypoxis hypoxia | inadequate Hb saturation with O2. causes:high altitude, low ventilation |
| circulatory hypoxia | too little blood delivered to tissue causes:cardiac arrest, Emboli(blod blood flow to specific areas) |
| anemic hypoxia | reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood causes:low Hb conct, CO poisioning |
| Histotoxic hypoxia | cells cannot utilize O2 (eg. CN- poisioning) |
| condition where cell cannot utilize O2 for cellular respiration called | Histotoxic hypoxia |
| condition in which blood has a reduced O2 carrying capacity called | Anemic Hypoxia |
| condition in which too little blood is delivered to tissues called | circulatory hypoxia |
| condition in which blood has a low arterial pO2 is called | hypoxic hypoxia |
| different CO2 disorders | hypercapnia, hypocapnia |
| hypercapnia is | excess cO2 in arterial blood cause:hypoventilation |
| hypocapnia is | below normal arterial pCO2 (affect pH) cause:hyperventilation |
| H-H eqn for pH can be simplified to | pH = [HCO3-]/pCO2 |
| respiratory acidosis | increased H+ due to CO2 retention (hypoventilation) |
| opposite of acidosis | alkalosis |
| metabolic acidosis cause and compensation | cause:loss of bicarbonate(results in accumulation of acid in blood) comp:remove CO2, excrete H+ in kidney |
| loss of bicarbonate results in | metabolic acidosis |
| respiratory acidosis cause and compensation | cause:hypoventilation(increased pCO2) comp:kidney makes more bicarbonate |
| hypoventilation results in | respiratory acidosis |
| metabolic alkalosis cause and compensation | cause:accumulation of bicarbonate(loss of acid) comp:less CO2 blown off, kidney excrete excess bicarbonate |
| accumulation of bicarbonate results in | metabolic alkalosis |
| respiratory alkalosis cause and compensation | cause:hyperventilation comp:kidney excretes more bicarbonate |
| what part of brain contains respiratory center | medulla |
| the diaphragm receives respiratory signal from medulla via __ nerve | phrenic |
| dorsal respiratory group (DRG) | controls autonomic inspiratory nerve |
| ventral respiratory group (VRG) | controls autonomic expiratory nerve |
| what part of medulla controls autonomic inspiratory nerve | dorsal respiratory group |
| what part of medulla controls autonomic expiratory nerve | ventral respiratory group |
| different chemoreceptors | central, peripheral |
| central chemoreceptor | medulla, respond to [H+] |
| effect of PO2 on central chemoreceptor | no effect |
| how does H+ cross the blood brain barrier to activate central chemoreceptor ? | CO2 crosses the barrier, and is converted to bicarbonate and H+ in brain |
| effect of CO2 on central chemoreceptor | too much CO2 will inhibit respiratory neuron, indirect activation via conversion to bicarb + h+ |
| peripheral chemoreceptor | in aorta, carotid artery |
| effect of O2 on peripheral chemoreceptor | decrease in O2 activates peripheral chemoreceptor |
| effect of CO2 on peripheral chemoreceptor | indirect activation via conversion to bicarbonate and H+ |
| effect of H+ on peripheral chemoreceptor | activate peripheral chemoreceptor |
| obstructive lung disease, example and symptom | emphysema, small expiratory reserve volume, big reserve volume. |
| restrictive lung disease, example and symptom | pulmonary fibrosis, small inspiratory reserve voluume, because of stiff alveoli |
Created by:
honghee
Popular Physiology sets