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22. Muslim Empires
Ap World History - Summerville High School
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ottoman dynasty | dynasty founded by Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; the most powerful Islamic empire in history; lasted until the early twentieth century. |
| Safavid dynasty | founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi’a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. |
| Mughal empire | established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the mid-19th century. |
| Ottomans | Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, north Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after Word War I. |
| Mehmed II | “the Conqueror”; Ottoman sultan; captured Constantinople, 1453, and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. |
| Janissaries | conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century. |
| vizier | head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan. |
| Sail al-Din | eponymous founder of the Safavids, Sufi mystic; leader of the Red Heads. |
| Red Heads | name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear. |
| Ismâ’il | Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah. |
| Chaldiran | an important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of the Safavid Shi’a state. |
| Abbas I, the Great | Safavid shah (1587–1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology. |
| imams | Shi’a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali’s successors. |
| mullahs | religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi’ism. |
| Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture. |
| Nadir Khan Afshar | emerged following fall of Safavids; proclaims himself shah, 1736. |
| Babur | Turkic leader who founded the Mughal dynasty; died in 1530. |
| Humayn | son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556. |
| Akbar | son and successor of Humayn; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority. |
| Din-i-Ilahi | religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death. |
| Aurangzeb | son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire’s resources; died in 1707. |
| Taj Mahal | mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India. |
| Nur Jahan | wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign. |
| Mumtaz Mahal | wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal. |
| Marattas | people of western India; challenged Mughal rule under Aurangzeb. |
| Sikhs | Indian sect, beginning as a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim faiths; pushed to opposition to Muslim and Mughul rule. |
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