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Chapter 21
Enlightenment and Revolutions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the Earth-centered model of the solar system | geocentric |
| the sun-centered model of the solar system | heliocentric |
| one of Newton's three rules of motion that outlines how planets move in elliptical orbits around each based on a principle called gravity | universal law of gravitation |
| a system of thought encouraged by Descartes that said that the basis of knowledge is reason | rationalism |
| a set of steps to collect and analyze evidence in order to make new scientific hypotheses | scientific method |
| the idea that scientists should look at smaller pieces of evidence in order to identify larger, general principles | inductive reasoning |
| the French word for "philosopher," which was used for intellectuals during the Enlightenment | philosophe |
| a type of government in which power rests in different branches and limits the power of any one branch through a system of checks and balances | separation of powers |
| an 18th century religious philosophy that said that a supreme God had created the universe and set it in motion like a clock | deism |
| the idea that the state should not interfere with the economy | laissez-faire |
| the idea that a society agrees to be governed and people must follow laws for the good of the entire society | social contract |
| the places where Enlightenment thinkers met to discuss ideas | salons |
| an artistic style of the 18th century that was not based on religion | rococo |
| a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments | federal system |
| he first proposed the heliocentric model | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| he created laws of planetary motion, including the idea that planets' orbits were elliptical, not circular | Johannes Kepler |
| he is known as the "Father of Modern Science" and proved Copernicus' theory to be true | Galileo Galilei |
| he wrote the "Principia," and outlined the principle of gravity | Isaac Newton |
| he showed that the heart was the beginning point for the circulation of blood and detailed how blood flows through the veins | William Harvey |
| she wrote on a number of scientific matters but her works were not appreciated until after her death | Margaret Cavendish |
| she was a German astronomer who made important contributions to the discipline | Maria Winkelmann |
| he was a French philosopher who is known as the "Father of Modern Philosophy" and said, "I think, therefore I am" | Rene Descartes |
| he was an English philosopher who developed the scientific method | Francis Bacon |
| he was an English philosopher who wrote "Two Treatises of Government" and argued that people were basically good | John Locke |
| he wrote about the separation of powers and his work influenced the American constitution | Baron de Montesquieu |
| he was a French writer who was against the Church and the monarchy and his work influenced the American and French revolutions | Voltaire |
| he is known as the "Father of Modern Economics" and encouraged a laissez-faire economy in his book, "The Wealth of Nations" | Adam Smith |
| she worked for women's rights and used ideas of the Enlightenment to argue for equal rights for women | Mary Wollstonecraft |
| he led the Continental Army in the American Revolution and became the first president of the United States | George Washington |
| he wrote the Declaration of Independence and became the third president of the United States | Thomas Jefferson |
| this movement of the 16th and 17th centuries saw many new scientific and technological discoveries | Scientific Revolution |
| this philosophical movement of the 18th century created new ideas about religion, government, women's rights, and justice | the Enlightenment |
| scientists of the Scientific Revolution often found themselves in trouble with this organization | the Catholic Church |
| this instrument played a crucial role in new discoveries of the Scientific Revolution | the telescope |
| the Enlightenment was strongly influenced by this movement | the Scientific Revolution |
| leaders of the American Revolution looked to ideas from this movement | the Enlightenment |
| during the Enlightenment, this increased significantly | reading |
| the British taxed the colonists in order to raise money for this conflict | Seven Years' War |
| the colonists were upset about these two things | taxation and not being represented in British government |
| the Declaration of Independence was signed on this date | July 4, 1776 |
| the British surrendered in the American Revolution in this year | 1781 |
| the Treaty of Paris that officially recognized the U.S. as a country was signed in this year | 1783 |
| the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution are called this | the Bill of Rights |
| fighting broke out between the colonists and the British in this year | 1775 |
| the United States received arms and money from this country | France |
| a result of the American Revolution was this | the United States gained its independence |
| He wrote "The Social Contract" | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| He was a famous chemist who made laws related to the properties of gases | Robert Boyle |
| He was a French scientist who created laws related to the properties of liquids | Blaise Pascal |
Created by:
Mrs. Marquardt
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