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Chapter 9
The Judicial Branch
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Writ | A written court order requiring a party to perform or cease to perform a given act |
| Supreme Court | In the federal court system the Supreme Court has final appellate jurisdiction over all courts in the United States. |
| Constitutional Courts | Courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Judges who preside over these courts are nominated by president, confirmed by Senate, and serve lifetime terms as long as they exhibit "good behavior." |
| Legislative Courts | Judges for legislative courts are also appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate, but they serve fixed, limited terms. |
| The Judicial Circuits | The federal court system is divided into 12 geographic circuits. Cases not settled in the courts of appeal may be appealed further, but only to the Supreme Court. |
| District Courts and Courts of Appeals | Most cases that deal with federal questions or offenses begin in district courts, which are almost always granted original jurisdiction. District courts hear appeals cases only in the rare case of a constitutional question that may arise in state courts. |
| Courts of Appeal | The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, hears cases that deal with patents, contracts, and financial claims against the federal government. |
| Factors that Help Presidents Make Their Choices for Federal Judgeship | 1. Experience.. 2. Political Ideology.. 3. Party and Personal Loyalties.. 4. Ethnicity and gender |
| Federal Judge's Experience | Most nominees have had substantial judicial or governmental experience, either on the state or federal level. Many have law degrees or some other form of higher education. |
| Federal Judge's Political Ideology | Presidents usually appoint judges who seem to have a similar political ideology to their own. In other words, a president with a liberal ideology will usually appoint liberals to the courts. |
| Federal Judge's Party and Personal Loyalties | A high percentage of a resident's appointees belong to the president's political party. Although political favoritism is less common today than it was a few decades ago, presidents still appoint friends and loyal supporters to federal judgeships. |
| Federal Judge's Ethnicity and Gender | Until relatively recently, almost all federal judges were white males. All recent presidents have appointed African Americans, Latinos, members of other ethnic minority groups, and women to district courts and courts of appeal. |
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