Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
biol 1202 exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the 5 different divisions of the Kingdom Fungi, over _______ fungal species identified and more added each year | 100,000 |
| What are the 5 divisions of the Kingdom Fungi based on? (3) | DNA sequence data, on the presence of septa in the fungi, and on the sexual life cycle |
| In the past, _____ characteristics were used to classify fungi. These characteristics were often ______ structures | morphological; sexual reproductive |
| individuals that reproduce asexually do not have sexual reproductive structures that were used in the past to classify fungi (used to be described as ______- but now their _____ is sequenced to place them) | imperfect; DNA |
| All fungi produce spores- most spores are _____ | haploid |
| _______ and _______ account for around 90% of all fungi | Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes |
| Basidiomycetes produce _____ spores | basidio |
| The majority of ______ DO NOT cause disease | fungi |
| _______ fungi- most ancient fungi around today- closest living relative to all fungi’s common ancestor | Chytrid |
| _____- Only fungi to produce flagellated spores- can swim and move in the environment to help sexual reproduction take place | Chytrid |
| ______- Most are saprobic- they actively decompose(digest) dead organisms in the environment- give off enzymes in environment; Some parasitic- actively giving off enzymes in its environment (living organism) | Chytrid |
| Chytrid- Most are _____- they actively decompose(digest) dead organisms in the environment- give off enzymes in environment; Some ______- actively giving off enzymes in its environment (living organism) | Saprobic; Parasitic |
| Chytrid reproduce __________ | sexually and asexually |
| Zygote fungi-_______- formed when 2 different fungi join together to mate | Zygospore |
| Zygote fungi-Zygospore- formed when ___ different fungi join together to mate | 2 |
| Zygote fungi is the only division to have a _______ which this division is named for | zygospore |
| In zygospore- _____ fuse together and form a diploid nucleus- can survive extremes in the environment | nuclei |
| In zygospore- nuclei fuse together and form a _____ nucleus- can survive extremes in the environment | diploid |
| In zygospore- nuclei fuse together and form a diploid nucleus- can survive extremes in the environment. When conditions are favorable again- the zygospore can split its nuclei into _____ structures | 4 diploid |
| _________- a structure that produces spores-can produce thousands of spores | Sporangium |
| Zygote fungi can reproduce __________ | sexually or asexually |
| _______- the only fungi with flagellated spores (zoospores) | Chytrids |
| Chytrids- are ________- the only fungi with flagellated spores (_______) | Aquatic; zoospores |
| Zygote fungi- sexual reproduction via _______ (resistant heterokaryons) that produce genetically variable spores | zygosporangia |
| Zygote fungi- sexual reproduction via zygosporangia (_________ _______) that produce genetically variable spores | resistant heterokaryons |
| Zygote fungi- asexual reproduction via _____ that produce spores | sporangia |
| Zygote fungi- Mostly _____ decayers of organic matter, e.g., soft fruit rot fungi and black bread mold; Some _______, e.g., single-celled microsporidia | saprobic; parasites |
| Zygote fungi- Mostly saprobic decayers of organic matter, e.g., soft fruit rot fungi and _______; Some parasites, e.g., single-celled ______ | black bread mold; microsporidia |
| Phylum: __________= Zygote fungi | Zygomycetes |
| Phylum: ________= Arbuscular mycorrhizae | Glomeromycetes |
| Phylum: Glomeromycetes= _________ | Arbuscular mycorrhizae |
| Phylum: Zygomycetes= ________ | Zygote fungi |
| Glomeromycetes- Associated with ___% of plant species | 90 |
| Glomeromycota- Mutual symbiotic relationship- between the ____ and a _____- mycorrhizal symbiosis(association) | fungus and a plant's roots |
| Glomeromycota- mychorrhizal symbiosis- plants makes ___, which the fungi use bc they cant make their own (no chloroplasts) & the fungus gives off ____in the soil around the plant in which the plant gets nutrients from the fungus | sugar; enzymes |
| Glomeromycota- ________- plants makes sugar, which the fungi use bc they cant make their own (no chloroplasts) & the fungus gives off enzymes in the soil around the plant in which the plant gets nutrients from the fungus | mychorrihizal symbiotic |
| 2 types of mycorrhizal association- 1. A fungus can grow into the cells of the plant root where sugar is stored and suck up the sugar and transported back to the entire fungus- ______association 2. _____or _______association | 1. Endomycorrhizal association 2. Ectomycorrhizal or Exomycorrhizal association |
| Glomeromycota- No specific ____________ structure has been observed | sexual reproductive |
| Glomeromycota- During ______ reproduction, clusters of spores | asexual |
| Glomeromycota- almost always found with _____ of plants | roots |
| Phylum: ________= Sac fungi | Ascomycetes |
| Phylum: Asxomycetes = ________ | sac fungi |
| Sac Fungi- Structure that produced during sexual reproduction look like a sac(ascus) that contains exactly ___ _________-2 different mycelia fuse together-after meiosis takes place, one round of mitosis takes place(goes from 4 spores to 8 ascospores) | 8 ascospores |
| Sac Fungi- Structure that produced during _____ reproduction look like a sac(ascus) that contains exactly 8 ascospores-2 different mycelia fuse together-after meiosis takes place, one round of mitosis takes place(goes from 4 spores to 8 ascospores) | sexual |
| Sac Fungi- Structure that produced during sexual reproduction look like a sac(ascus) that contains exactly 8 ascospores-2 different ______ fuse together-after meiosis takes place, one round of mitosis takes place(goes from 4 spores to 8 ascospores) | mycelia |
| Sac Fungi- Structure that produced during sexual reproduction look like a sac(ascus) that contains exactly 8 ascospores-2 different mycelia fuse together-after ______ takes place, one round of ______ takes place(goes from 4 spores to 8 ascospores) | meiosis; mitosis |
| Sac Fungi- Structure that produced during sexual reproduction look like a sac(ascus) that contains exactly 8 ascospores-2 different mycelia fuse together-after meiosis takes place, one round of mitosis takes place(goes from ______ to _______) | 4 spores to 8 ascospores |
| Sac Fungi- Septa are ______ | present |
| Sac Fungi- Sexual reproduction via _____ produced in asci (sac-like cases) | spores |
| Sac Fungi- Sexual reproduction via spores produced in ____ (sac-like cases) | asci |
| Sac Fungi- Asexual reproduction via ____ ______ (conidia) | naked spores |
| Sac Fungi- Asexual reproduction via naked spores (_____) | conidia |
| Sac Fungi- Many saprobic species, e.g., _________; Many parasites, especially of plants, but also of animals, e.g., _________; Many symbionts with plants, e.g., ______ | Scarlet cups; Candida yeasts; Truffles |
| Sac Fungi- Many _____ species, e.g., Scarlet cups; Many _____, especially of plants, but also of animals, e.g., Candida yeasts; Many ______ with plants, e.g., Truffles | saprobic; parasites; symbionts |
| Antibiotics cause yeast infections ______ | indirectly |
| ______ cause yeast infections indirectly | antibiotics |
| We get most antibiotics from _____ | fungi |
| Fungi naturally want to kill their ______ | competitors |
| ______- the sexual reproductive structure of ascomycetes (Inside you should see asci with ascospores in them) | Truffles |
| Truffles- the _____reproductive structure of ascomycetes (Inside you should see asci with ascospores in them) | sexual |
| Truffles- the sexual reproductive structure of ascomycetes (Inside you should see ___with ____in them) | asci with ascospores |
| _____- body of the ascomyte- scarlet cup fungus- sexual reproductive structure – within each ascocarp are thousands of asci | Ascocarp |
| Ascocarp- ____ of the ascomyte- scarlet cup fungus- sexual reproductive structure – within each ascocarp are thousands of asci | body |
| Ascocarp- body of the ascomyte- scarlet cup fungus- _____ reproductive structure – within each ascocarp are thousands of asci | sexual |
| Ascocarp- body of the ascomyte- scarlet cup fungus- sexual reproductive structure – within each ____ are thousands of _____ | ascocarp; asci |
| Sac Fungi- ________- fruiting body of the morel (ascocarp) | Morels |
| Sac Fungi- can reproduce ________ | sexually or asexually |
| Sac Fungi- Morels can be a _____ or _______ | delicacy or deadly |
| Sac Fungi- ______ reproduction via naked spores (conidia)- have nothing that surrounds them | asexual |
| Sac Fungi- Asexual reproduction via _______ (conidia)- have nothing that surrounds them | naked spores |
| Sac Fungi- Asexual reproduction via naked spores (______)- have nothing that surrounds them | conidia |
| Sac Fungi- _____ reproduction- caryogomy(fusion of nuclei?), meiosis, mitosis | sexual |
| Sac Fungi- Sexual reproduction-________(fusion of nuclei?), meiosis, mitosis | caryogomy |
| Sac Fungi- sources of many interesting chemical e.g., _____- the source of penicillin; e.g., the source of ____ | Penicillium; LSD |
| Sac Fungi- _____ used to brew beer, and to bake bread and pizza crust, but the mushrooms that top pizza come from a different division | yeasts |
| Phylum: _________ = Club Fungi | Basidiomycetes |
| Phylum: Basidiomycetes = _______ | Club Fungi |
| Club Fungi- ______- the typical mushroom shape- reproductive body | Basidiocarp |
| Club Fungi- Basidiocarp- the typical mushroom shape- __________ body | reproductive |
| Club Fungi- Usually reproduce sexually, when ___ are present; (can see whether or not ____ are present with a microscope) | septa; septa |
| Club Fungi can reproduce _____, but most of the reprouce ____ | asexually; sexually |
| Club Fungi- Many produce ____ naturally to prevent other organisms from consuming them; Some entice organisms to eat them to help disperse their ____ | toxins; spores |
| ________- Many produce toxins naturally to prevent other organisms from consuming them; Some entice organisms to eat them to help disperse their spores | Club Fungi |
| ____ mushroom is used on pizza; grow them in nitrogen rich environments | Button |
| Basidiomycetes can live for extremely long times- _______ mushroom is one of these- has a heterokaryotic mycelium; (Basidia- the reproductive cells that form on the fills) | honey |
| Basidiomycetes can live for extremely long times- honey mushroom is one of these- has a heterokaryotic mycelium; (_____- the reproductive cells that form on the fills) | Basidia |
| ________- decomposers of dead material (most fungi); Recycle nutrients back into the food web- primary producers | Saprobes |
| ______ responsible for the death of millions of people; (Potato famine in Ireland due to fungal outbreak) | Parasites |
| _____- symbiotic relationship that is mutually symbiotic; Usually between fungus and photosynthetic organism | Mutualists |
| _____- symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a cyanobacteria or unicellular photosynthetic eukaryote; (In many cases, they cannot be separated- obligate symbiotic relationship); (Multicellular component (fungus) and unicellular component) | Lichens |
| _____- symbiotic relationship between fungus & roots of a plant: 2 types; This points to the hypothesis that fungi first came to land & then plants followed; On roots; 2 different rates of growth- plants w/ this grow faster & plants w/o this grow slower | Mycorrhizae |
| List the major groups of fungi. (5) | Chytrid fungi; Zygote fungi; Glomeromycota; Sac fungi; Club fungi |
| Fungal feeding network that is usually unseen | Mycelium |
| Mutualistic partnership involving single cell photosynthetic organisms | Lichen |
| Name of the sac that contains the spores of Sac Fungi | Ascus |
| Partitioning structures present in some species of fungi. | Septa |
| Material used to build the cell wall of a fungus | Chitin |
| Reproductive cells formed from basidia by the process of meiosis. | Basidiospores |
| Thick walled structure the forms from the fusion of two different mating types of Zygote Fungi | Zygospore |
| Division of fungi that lack septa and reproduce mainly by an asexual cycle | Zygote Fungi |
| Division of fungi that have septa and reproduce using ascus | Sac Fungi |
| Division of fungi that the common mushroom belongs in. | Club Fungi |
| An organism in the aquatic fungal division | Chytrid |
| General term for structures that make spores | Sporangia |
| Fungal division that is part of a beneficial symbiotic partnership with plants | Mycorrhizae Fungi |
| Specific spore producing structures of Sac Fungi | Basidia |
| General term for an organism that derives nutrients from decaying material | Saprobe |
| Threadlike component of mycelium | Hypha |
| General structure used by fungi for reproduction | Spore |
| The Kingdom Fungi consists of organisms that are ____ and mainly ______ | eukaryotic; multicellular |
| In the kingdom fungi, they are all _______ _______ that obtain their food by absorption | heterotrophic decomposers |
| In the kingdom fungi, they are all heterotrophic decomposers that obtain their food by _____ | absorption |
| ________-is the feeding network of a fungus | Mycelium |
| ________- This network may be very large but is usually underground or within the surface of a decaying organism | Mycelium |
| The mycelium is composed of a woven mesh of _____ | hyphae |
| ______- the threadlike filaments of a fungus | Hyphae |
| _______-These filaments are the building structure of the mycelium | Hyphae |
| Hyphae consist of a tubular cell wall containing ____ surrounding a plasma membrane and cytoplasm. | chitin |
| Hyphae are the building structure of the ______ | mycelium |
| Hyphae consist of a tubular cell wall containing chitin surrounding a _________ and ________. | plasma membrane and cytoplasm |
| ______- a structural polysaccharide of modified sugars | Chitin |
| In some fungi (_______ fungi) there are no separate cells and many nuclei are in a common cytoplasm. In other types of fungi (_______) the nuclei are partitioned into twos by septa | coenocytic; dikaryotic |
| In some fungi (coenocytic fungi) there are no separate cells and many nuclei are in a common cytoplasm. In other types of fungi (dikaryotic) the nuclei are partitioned into twos by ______ | septa |
| _______- structures that partially separate the cytoplasm inside the hyphae | Septa |
| Septa is the structures that partially separate the cytoplasm inside the hyphae. This separation is incomplete so that the _______ is contiguous but the ______ are kept apart | cytoplasm; nuclei |
| For fungi the _____ is a haploid cell, which can grow directly into a hyphae | spore |
| For fungi the spore is a _____ cell, which can grow directly into a hyphae | haploid |
| For fungi the spore is a haploid cell, which can grow directly into a _____ | hyphae |
| Two of the main classification criteria for the major divisions of the kingdom fungi are the presence (or absence) of _____ in the fungi and differences in the _____ life cycle | septa; sexual |
| Which division of fungi has an aquatic life-cycle? | Chytrids |
| Does Chytrids have septa present or nah? | No septa present |
| Which division of fungi is characterized by swimming flagellated spores (similar to water molds) and flagellated gametes | Chytrids |
| some species of _____ are linked to parasitic infection of amphibians | chytrids |
| Which division of fungi is named for the zygospore, which has a thick cell wall. The zygospore is produced from the fusion of two different haploid mating types | The Zygote fungi |
| The ______ is produced from the fusion of two different haploid mating types | zygospore |
| Which division of fungi usually only goes through asexual reproduction, involving haploid spores which grow directly into sporangia (spore producers)? | Zygote fungi |
| Zygote fungi usually only goes through asexual reproduction, involving haploid spores which grow directly into ______ (spore producers) | sporangia |
| Does zygote fungi have septa present or nah? | no septa present |
| Which division of fungi include Black bread mold and dung fungus | Zygote fungi |
| Which division of fungi live in intimate contact with the roots of plants? | Mycorrhizae fungi |
| Does Mycorrhizae fungi have septa present or nah? | no septa present |
| Which division of fungi does hyphae surround and penetrate root cells? | Mycorrhizae fungi |
| Which division of fungi named for the “club” shaped: reproductive structure called a basidia which produces basidiospores | Club fungi |
| Which division of fungi has a reproductive structure called a basidia which produces basidiospores | Club fungi |
| Club fungi has a reproductive structure called a _____ which produces ______ | basidia; basidiospores |
| Club fungi usually reproduce ______ | sexually |
| Does Club fungi have septa present or nah? | septa present |
| Which division of fungi does the mycelium may grow very large and occasionally produce a fairy ring at the circumference? | Club fungi |
| In Club fungi, the _______ of this group may grow very large and occasionally produce a fairy ring at the circumference | mycelium |
| Which division of fungi includes the common mushroom and relatives, also shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts and smuts | Club fungi |
| Which division of fungi is named for the sac or ascus, which contains several haploid spores? | Sac fungi |
| Which division of fungi is both sexual and asexual reproduction are common? | Sac fungi |
| Does Sac fungi have septa present or nah? | septa present |
| Which division of fungi include penicillin fungus, most yeast (good yeast -bread and beer as well as bad yeast - vaginal infections), athlete’s foot fungus, Jock itch, powder mildew of rye (LSD), Dutch Elm disease, Blue cheese fungus and truffles | Sac fungi |
| _______- decomposers of dead material (most fungi fall into this group) | Saprobes |
| List the two types of symbiotes | Parasitic & Mutualistic |
| _______- fungi that live on living organism (Dutch elm disease, Corn smut, Athletes foot, Jock Itch, Yeast infections); _______- fungi live interdependently with photosynthetic organism (Lichens and mycorrhizae) | Parasitic; Mutualistic |
| ______ are formed of a symbiotic relationship between a fungal species and either a cyanobacteria or a unicellular photosynthetic eukaryote | Lichens |
| In lichens, this partnership requires very little in the way of external nutrients and can often be found growing on _______ or _______ | bare rock or dead wood |
| ______ are often the first organisms to appear in the primary succession of a community | Lichens |
| Lichens are often the first organisms to appear in the ______ _______ of a community | primary succession |
| _____ are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of a plant | Mycorrhizae |
| In mycorrhizae, The fungi help send the plant water, minerals, and nutrients (especially _______ containing compounds). In exchange, the fungus absorbs some of the sugars the plant produces. | phosphorus |
| ______ years ago organisms finally become multi-celled eukaryotes. It became advantageous because easier to get food and harder to be food. | 1 billion |
| The largest living thing on the planet is a _____. | fungus |
| A single clone of the “honey mushroom” Armillaria can cover more than _____ acres (1,600 football fields) | 2,200 |
| Fungus is predicted to be ______ years old. | 7,000 |
| The ____ (reproductive part) are the part of the fungi that sticks out of the ground | spores |
| The ______ is a interwoven mass of Hyphae; Can turn on different genes to reproduce; It is the non-reproductive part of a fungus; Also, it is the vegetative feeding network; Usually underground or inside a decaying or living organism. | Mycelium |
| Chitin is a ________ | polysaccharide |
| _____ also makes up insect exoskeletons (not cell walls in insects); examples are shrimp and crab | chitin |
| _____ is a polymer w/ glucose subunits and Nitrogen containing functional groups | Chitin |
| Chitin is a polymer w/ glucose subunits and ______ containing functional groups | Nitrogen |
| ______- Structures which partially separate the cytoplasm inside the hyphae, fond in many fungi | Septa |
| A ______is a highly protective cell with a single copy of each chromosome and one nucleus.; Is always a haploid (1n) cells which can grow directly into a hyphae | Spore |
| A spore is always a _______ cells which can grow directly into a hyphae | haploid (1n) |
| What do you need for fungi to produce sexually? (3) | 1- Same species of fungus 2-Environmental conditions must be just right 3- There is a mating system that stops fungi from reproducing with too similar genes |
| If all mating requirements are met for fungi to produce sexually, the fusion of compatible fungus is _______; The two fungi will fuse together and go from being haploid (n) to being fused (n+n) or ____; Then, the fusion of nuclei will occur is called____ | plasmogamy; heterokaryotic; karyogamy |
| If all mating requirements are met for fungi to produce sexually, after the fusion of nuclei occurs, the zygotes (2n) then use ______ of "zygote-like" structures to produce __ spores that are genetically different from original nuclei. | meiosis; 4 |
| If all mating requirements are met for fungi to produce sexually, when the zygotes (2n) use meiosis of "zygote-like" structures to produce __ spores that are genetically different from the original nuclei (__ spores will always be positive; ___, negative) | 4; 2; 2 |
| ______ reproduction can leads to far more genetic variation than ______ | sexual; asexual |
| ______ reproduction is simpler and is used when the environment is not right for fungus. | Asexual |
| In ______ _______, sexual reproduction was evolved from asexual reproduction | unicellular eukaryotes |
| Majority of human life cycle is _____ | diploid |
| Most of fungi are either _______ or _____; Fungi are only diploid for a very short time | haploid (n); heterokaryotic (n+n) |
Created by:
kenzey11