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Bio Final
Question | Answer |
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Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows | fragmentation |
One of the evolutionary "enigmas," or unsolved puzzles, of sexual reproduction is that | only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females |
An advantage of asexual reproduction is that | asexual reproduction enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species |
Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because | asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring. |
Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction when | a species is in stable and favorable environments. |
Sexual reproduction patterns include the example of | hermaphroditism |
Sexual reproduction | can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment. |
Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by | direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms. |
For water fleas of the genus Daphnia, switching from a pattern of asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction coincides with | periods of temperature or food stresses on adults. |
All individuals of a particular species of whiptail lizards are females. Their reproductive efforts depend on | meiosis followed by a doubling of the chromosomes in eggs. |
Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes | the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate. |
Like many other fishes, bluehead wrasses utilize harem mating as they reproduce sexually. However, unlike most fishes, | large females morph into reproductively competent males. |
Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals? | fission and budding |
Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertilization need not have | internal development of embryos. |
In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization offers the advantage that | the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment. |
Internal and external fertilization both | produce single-celled zygotes. |
Organisms with a reproductive pattern that produces shelled amniotic eggs generally | invest most of their reproductive energy in the embryonic and early postnatal development of their offspring. |
Among nonmammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as | a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. |
External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called | pheromones. |
Females of many insect species, including honeybee queens, can store gametes shed by their mating partners in | the spermatheca. |
Most flatworms, including parasitic liver flukes, are hermaphrodites that form zygotes as the result of | internal fertilization. |
When female fruit flies mate with two different males on the same day, | the second male's sperm fertilizes most of the eggs. |
An oocyte released from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of | the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct. |
The junction of the upper vagina and the uterus is called the | cervix. |
In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become | a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum. |
Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue include the | penis and clitoris. |
Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the | Leydig cells. |
Sperm cells are stored within human males in the | epididymis. |
Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the | urethra. |
Human sperm cells first arise in the | seminiferous tubules. |
The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely | greatly reduce the volume of semen. |
Most of the noncellular fluid in ejaculated human semen is composed of | the secretions of the seminal vesicles. |
Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (i.e., near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would | reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis. |
During human heterosexual (mutual) excitement, vasocongestion | occurs in the clitoris, vagina, and penis. |
The moment of orgasm is characterized by | rhythmic contraction of many parts of the reproductive system. |
At the time of fertilization, the complete maturation of each oogonium has resulted in | one secondary oocyte. |
In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that | cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. |
Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that | they both have the same number of chromosomes. |
A male's "primary" sex characteristics include | embryonic differentiation of the seminal vesicles. |
The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that | the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body. |
At the end of a nonpregnant ovarian cycle, the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues is called | menstruation. |
In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are | follicular → ovulation → luteal. |
In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are | menstrual → proliferative → secretory. |
A contraceptive pill that continuously inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus will | reduce the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland. |
A function-disrupting mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in | the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy. |
A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is an increase in the synthesis and secretion of | testosterone. |
A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is | gonadotropin-releasing hormone. |
The primary function of the corpus luteum is to | maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred. |
For the 10 days following ovulation in a nonpregnant menstrual cycle, the main source of progesterone is the | corpus luteum. |
Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of | LH. |
Prior to ovulation, the primary steroid hormone secreted by the growing follicle is | estradiol. |
The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland is | GnRH. |
The hormone progesterone is produced | in the ovary and acts directly on the uterus. |
Menopause is characterized by | reduced synthesis of ovarian steroids despite high levels of gonadotropin hormones. |
For normal human fertilization to occur, | only one sperm need penetrate one egg. |
Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the | oviduct. |
What is the embryo-produced hormone that maintains progesterone and estrogen secretion by the corpus luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy? | human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of FSH is | gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). |
Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of | oxytocin. |
A high rate of metabolic activity is maintained in the pregnant uterus by | progesterone. |
The secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland is reduced by | inhibin. |
The drug RU-486 functions by | blocking progesterone receptors in the uterus. |
Human fertility drugs taken by women increase the chance of multiple births, probably because they | stimulate the development of many ovarian follicles. |
The thin layer of the developing embryo which secretes a hormone that keeps the corpus luteum functioning is the | chorion. |
In excreted urine, a reliable "marker" that a pregnancy has initiated is | chorionic gonadotropin. |
The "immunotolerance" of a pregnant woman toward her unborn child is the result of | the relative quiescence of a pregnant woman's immune system compared to when she was not pregnant. |
Among these contraception methods, the highest risk of accidental pregnancy accompanies | the practice of coitus interruptus. |
The use of birth control pills (oral contraceptives) | reduces the incidence of ovulation. |
Two contraceptive methods that are generally irreversible and which block the gametes from moving to a site where fertilization can occur are | vasectomy and tubal ligation. |
Tubal ligation | prevents oocytes from entering the uterus. |
A vasectomy | prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra. |
Time-release progesterone implants function in contraception by | thickening the cervical and uterine mucus to impair sperm movement. |
For lactation to take place, the synthesis of breast milk and its release from the mammary gland, respectively, are caused by | prolactin and oxytocin |
So-called "combination" birth control pills function in contraception by | inhibiting the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH. |
You observe vertebrate organisms with parthenogenetic reproduction, internal development of embryos, and the lack of parental care for its young. Based on this information, you should categorize these organisms as | lizards. |
Imagine that a woman is in the final week of her pregnancy. Her doctor gives her an injection of oxytocin. The likely result of this is that the pregnant woman would | undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles. |
Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis? | An egg develops without being fertilized. |
In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share | the urethra. |
Which of the following is not properly paired? | seminiferous tubulecervix |
Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during | the period just before ovulation. |
During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop | in the first trimester. |
Which of the following is a true statement? | The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles. |
For which of the following is the number the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis? | meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete |
Which statement about human reproduction is false? | The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. |