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Ethics 300 - Midterm
Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ad Hominem fallacy | A fallacy where the argument looks at the source of the opinion rather than the reasons given for it |
| Arguments from analogy | Comparing familiar examples with the issues being disputed. If the 2 cases are similar in relevant ways, then whatever one concludes about the first familiar case one should also conclude about the disputed case |
| Begging the question | Arguing in a circle where you use the conclusion to support itself |
| Conceptual matters | Those that relate to the meaning of the terms or concepts |
| Consequentialist theories | A moral theory that base moral judgments on consequences, sometimes called teleological moral theories |
| Deontological theories | A moral theory that base moral judgments from duties, a non-consequentialist moral theory |
| Descriptive judgment | Describe what the object of the judgment is like, also called empirical judgment |
| Divine Command Theory | A moral theory that is based on the moral rules given by divine authority |
| Emotions | Feelings |
| Empirical judgment | Descriptive judgment |
| Epistemology | Philosophy of knowledge |
| Ethical Theory | Systematic exposition of a particular view about the nature & basis of good or right |
| Ethics | A branch of philosophy, also called moral philosophy that studies moral values. It asks basic questions about the good life, about what is better and worse. About whether there is any objective fight and wrong, and how we know it if there is. |
| Evaluative judgment | Judgments that indicate what the speaker believes is good or bad placing value on some action or practice, also called normative judgment |
| Factual assertions | An assertion based on the facts requiring empirical justification |
| Good | Positively regarded, sometimes used to refer to what is morally good |
| Kant's Moral Theory | A deontological theory where acts are judged by whether they conform to requirements of rationality & human dignity, also called Kantianism |
| Metaethics | The study of the meaning of ethical term & judments |
| Moral judgment | A normative judgment that overrides other 'oughts' such as aesthetic ones |
| Moral Philosophy | Ethics |
| Morally good | Positively regarded morally |
| Morally permissible | An act one is morally permitted to do but no specific obligation to do |
| Morally praiseworthy | A morally good act |
| Motive | An impulse that incites to action |
| Naturalistic ethical theories | Moral theories that stress human nature as the source of what is right & wrong |
| Non-consequentialist theories | Normative ethics |
| Normative judgment | Evaluative judgment |
| Norms | Standards |
| Ought | A word indicating moral obligation to preform the act, as in "one ought to help others" or "one ought the tell the truth" |
| Philosophy | A discipline or study in which we ask & attempt to answer basic question about areas or subject matters of human life & about pervasive & significant aspects of experience. |
| Premises | Reason supporting a conclusion |
| Rational | Having the capacity for reasoned thought |
| Rationalization | Reasons given after the fact that are not one's true reasons for an action |
| Reason | A statement used for justification |
| Right action | A prescribed action, an action to do |
| Rights | Entitlements to receive certain treatments |
| Sound argument | An argument with a valid form & true premises given for the conclusion |
| Teleological moral theory | A primal goal 'orientated moral theory |
| Utilitarianism | A moral theory in which we judge whether an action is better than alternatives by its actual or expected results or consequences; action are classically judged in terms of the promotion of human happiness. |
| Valid argument | An argument from whose conclusion follows from the premises |
| Value assumptions | An assumption of value, for instance, that saving a life is good |
| Wrong action | An action that is not to be done |
| Absolute | Moral rules or principals have no exceptions and are context/ independent |
| Ethnocentrism | Judging the world from the perspective of one's own culture |
| Objective | Independent of minds |
| Pluralism | The views that there is a variety of equally valid moral principals or equal moral values |
| Realism | The view that there exists a reality independent of those who knows it |
| Relativism | The view that there is no objective right or wrong |
| Skepticism | The view that it is difficult, if not impossible, to know something |
| Supervenient | Based on or flowing from some other quality |
| Universal | Applicable to all times and places |
| Valid | Well-grounded, aka 'Valid Argument' |
| Value | A worthwhile principle, standard, or quality |
| Altruism | Selfless concern or act primarily in the interest of others |
| Descriptive view | A view describes what people are like but does not prescribe how people ought to act |
| Economics | A social science that studies the production & distribution of goods & services. |
| Ethical Egoism | A normative theory that says that people ought to look out for their own interests |
| Incoherence | Inconsistency |
| Individual ethical egoism | One ought only look out for one's own interest & only be concerned about others only to the extent that this concern to one's own interests. |
| Laissez-faire | A hands-off and let things be approach, particularly in reference to government-hands-off capitalism proposed by Adam Smith. |
| Moral education | Instruction on what the right thing to do is, and why |
| Normative theory | A theory about how people ought to behave |
| Psychological Egoism | The descriptive view that people are basically self-centered or selfish |
| Selfish | Exclusive concern for one's short-term self-interest |
| Universal ethical egoism | Everyone ought to look out for & seek only their own best interests. |
| Weakness of will | Acting against one's better judgment |
| Utility | The ability of something to produce happiness |
| Act utilitarianism | Utilitarianism the considers the consequences of each act separately |
| Consequentialist | A moral judgment that is based on the consequences, see also consequentialist theories |
| Cost-Benefit analysis | The view that one policy is better then another if it is less costly compared with the benefits expected |
| Desire | A want |
| Ends | What actions aim at |
| Epicureanism | The view that the good life is the pleasant life |
| Fruitfulness | Productivity |
| Happiness | Pleasure and the absence of pain |
| Instrumental good | A thing that is good for obtaining some other good |
| Intensity | Concentration |
| Intrinsic good | A thing that is good in itself |
| Likelihood | Probability |
| Means | Something that has instrumental value |
| Net | Amount of value left over after all deductions have been made |
| Pleasure | Pleasant mental states |
| Preference | Desire or want |
| Quality | A measure of how good something is of its kind |
| Quantity | A measure of how much there is of something |
| Rule utilitarianism | Utilitarianism that considers the consequences of the act preformed as a general practice |
| Teleological | A goal-oriented view, see also Teleological moral theories |
| Autonomy | self-rule of self-governance |
| Categorical | Applying no matter what, under all conditions |
| Duty | What ever fight thing to do is |
| End | Something that has intrinsic value |
| Hypothetical | Depending on what one happens to want |
| Imperative | A form of statement that tells us to do something |
| Imperfect duty | A flexible duty |
| Informed consent | Agreement to do something in the light of all relevant information |
| Intention | One's purpose in preforming an action |
| Moral worth | The ethical value of an action |
| Motive | One's reason for preforming an action |
| Perfect duty | An absolute duty |
| Person | An autonomous agent |
| Unconditional | Not dependent on anything else |
| Use | To treat as mere means |
| Voluntary | Through a person's will |
| Will | Intention or motive |
| Aquinas | A 13th century Dominican friar & philosopher |
| Aristotle | A Greek philosopher born in 384BC |
| Descriptive law | A law that tells us how nature behaves |
| Eudemonia | Happiness, flourishing or well being |
| Goals | In terms of Aristotle's teleology, a being's mature final form |
| Human Rights | Rights that all people have simply as a virtue of their being human, regardless of their country of origin, race, or religion. |
| Jus gentium | The view that a common element exists in the codes of various peoples. |
| Laws of nature | The generalization of natural science. These are descriptive laws which tell us how scientists believe nature behaves |
| Locke | A 17th century English philosopher |
| Moral laws | Prescribed laws that tell us how we ought to act |
| Natural law | The moral law written into nature itself. What we ought to do is determined by considering aspect of nature. |
| natural order | The source of natural law, the unaltered relationship of beings to one another |
| Natural rights | Rights possessed in virtue of one's nature. For example, Locke's view, used by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, that humans have the natural rights to life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness |
| Nature | The material world |
| Prescriptive law | A law that tells us how we ought to behave |
| Sartre | An existentialist philosopher |
| Teleological | A goal-oriented view, see also theological moral theories |
| Telos | The Greek word for "GOAL" |
| Character | Embodying the ideals for human life in one's own life |
| Intellectual virtues | Excellences of the mind such as the ability to understand & reason & judge; well learned from teachers |
| Moral virtues | Dispose us to act well; taught by repetition & must become habitual |
| The Mean | That which lies between 2 extremes |
| Vices | The opposite of virtues, either of excess or deficiency in relation to the virtuous mean; bad moral habits |
| Virtue | A trait of character that a good person possesses. For Aristotle, a mean between extremes of deficiency and excess |
| Virtue ethics | A moral theory that is concerned with those traits of character that make one a good peron |
| Care perspective | Viewing that the relationship becomes the figure, defining self & others. Within the context of relationship, the self as a moral agent perceives & responds to the perception of needs |
| Caring | Experiencing & exhibiting concern for others |
| Compassion | Concern & empathy for others |
| Empirical questions | Questions regarding the facts of the matter, ie. whether something is or is not the case |
| Ethics of caring | A feminine morality based on a female moral perspective emphasizing care and compassion. Also called ethics of care. |
| Fairness | Equity; treating like cases alike |
| Female moral perspective | A female point of view on morality which is based on relatedness & is highly personal. According to his view, woman stress concrete experiences of this or that events & are concerned about the real harm that might befall a particular person or persons. |
| Feminine ethics | Ethics of care, sometimes considered Feminine Morality |
| Feminist | A person who is an advocate for the moral, political, and/or economic interests of women. |
| Feminist ethics | Feminist objective to bring out the causes of women's subordination & oppression suggesting ways to eliminate these causes and their results |
| Feminist thinking | The view that the gender-sex system is the context in which the self develops an embodied identity & that the historically known gender-sex systems have contributed to the oppression and exploitation of women. |
| 1st wave feminism | The 19th century women's rights advocates focusing on issues such as the right of women to vote |
| Gender | Socially & culturally constructed role for the sexes |
| Impartiality | A principle of justice that holds that decisions should be based on the objective criteria. |
| Justice perspective | Seeing that the self moral agent stands as the figure against a ground of social relationships, judging conflict claims of self and others against a standard of equality or equal respect. |
| Male moral perspective | A male point of view on morality which is a supposedly more universal and more impartial standpoint in reasoning about what is morally good and bad. According to this view, men are more inclined to talk terms of fairness and justice and rights. |
| Masculine morality | An approach to ethics that emphasizes masculine traits, such as impartiality, fairness, and autonomy. |
| Maternal practice | Acts typically performed by people in their role as mothers such as giving birth and nursing infants |
| Maternal thinking | The vocabulary and logic of connections that arise in women from acting in response to demands of their children. |
| Relatedness | The idea that one should think about particular people and their relations and how that will be affected by some action. |
| Responsibility | In care perspective, the moral requirements to prevent harm & help people; in justice perspective the basis of what is owed or due |
| 2nd wave feminism | Feminist activism that stressed the importance of raising women's consciousness, of helping women be aware of their second-class status and the various ways in which they were subject to oppression & subordination in their lives. brought equality to women |
| Stereotype | A standardized & simplified image of a group |
| Subordination | Being placed lower than another sometimes to elicit obedience and/or subservience. |
Created by:
TRUSSO