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Ch. 5

Cell Division

QuestionAnswer
Anaphase Mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle.
Apoptosis Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell.
Aster Short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes in animal cells.
Cell Cycle Repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and nuclear division; consists of the stages G1, S, G2, and M.
Cell Plate Structure that precedes the formation of the cell wall as a part of cytokinesis in plant cells.
Centriole Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.
Centromere Constricted region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached to one another and where the chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber.
Chromatin Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.
Chromosome Rodlike structure in the nucleus seen during cell division; contains the hereditary units, or genes.
Cleavage Furrow Indentation that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis.
Crossing-Over Exchange of corresponding segments of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis of meiosis I.
Cyclin Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle.
Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis.
Daughter Chromosome Separated chromatids become daughter chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.
Diploid (2n) number of chromosomes; twice the number of chromosomes found in gametes.
Duplicated Chromosome Chromosome that consists of two chromatids held together at a centromere.
Equator A disc formed during metaphase in which all of a cell’s chromosomes lie in a single plane at right angles to the spindle fibers.
Fertilization Union of a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus, which creates the zygote with the diploid number of chromosomes.
Gamete Haploid sex cell; the egg or a sperm that join during fertilization to form a zygote.
Genetic Recombination With the help of meiosis I, this occurs through crossing-over and independent alignment of chromosome pairs at the equator.
Haploid (n) number of chromosomes; half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes.
Omologous Chromosome Similarly shape and that contain genes for the same traits; also called homologues.
Homologue Member of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
Independent Assortment Alleles of unlinked genes segregate independently of each other during meiosis so that the gametes contain all possible combinations of alleles.
Interkinesis Period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replication takes place.
Interphase Stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing.
Meiosis Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations.
Metaphase Mitotic phase during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate.
Mitosis Type of cell division in which daughter cells receive the exact chromosome and genetic makeup of the parent cell; occurs during growth and repair.
Nondisjunction Failure of homologous chromosomes or daughter chromosomes to separate during meiosis I and meiosis II, respectively.
Oogenesis Production of an egg in females by the process of meiosis and maturation.
Polar Body Nonfunctioning daughter cell, formed during oogenesis, that has little cytoplasm.
Prophase Mitotic phase during which chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear; chromosomes are scattered.
Secondary Oocyte In oogenesis, the functional product of meiosis I; becomes the egg.
Sister Chromatid One of two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere.
Omatic Cell A body cell; excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become a sperm or egg.
Spermatogenesis Production of sperm in males by the process of meiosis and maturation.
Spindle Microtubule structure that brings about chromosomal movement during nuclear division.
Synapsis Pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
Telophase Mitotic phase during which daughter cells are located at each pole.
Zygote Diploid cell formed by the union of sperm and egg; the product of fertilization.
Created by: Dugo
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