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Bio Anthro Ch.2

Physical Anthropology 11th edition

TermDefinition
Adenine One of the bases found in DNA and RNA; a purine.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The main fuel of cells. ATP is manufactured by the mitochondria.
alleles An alternative form of a gene.
amino Acids A type of molecule that forms the basic building block of proteins.
atoms A building block of matter.
autosomes A chromosome other than a sex chromosome.
back cross The process of crossing a hybrid with its homozygous recessive parent.
base A subunit of a nucleotide that makes up the DNA and RNA molecules: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil.
Blending Theory An early and incorrect idea that the inherited characteristics of offspring are intermediate between maternal and paternal genetic characteristics.
carbohydrates Organic compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; include the sugars and starches.
cell The smallest unit able to perform all those activities collectively called life. All living organisms are either one cell or composed of several cells.
centromere A structure in the chromosome holding the two chromatids together; during cell division, it is the site of attachment for the spindle fibers.
chromatids One of the two strands of a replicated chromosome. Two chromatids are joined together by a centromere.
chromosomes A body found in the nucleus of the cell containing the hereditary material.
complementary pairs A set of two nucleotides, each on a different polynucleotide chain, that are attracted to each other by a chemical bond. In DNA, adenine and thymine, and cytosine and guanine, form complementary pairs.
crossing-over The phenomenon whereby sections of homologous chromosomes are interchanged during meiosis.
cytogenetics The study of the heredity mechanisms within the cell.
cytology The study of the biology of the cell.
cytoplasm Material within the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane.
cytosine One of the bases found in the DNA and RNA molecule; a pyrimidine.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) A nucleic acid that controls the structure of proteins and hence determines inherited characteristics; genes are portions of the DNA molecule that fulfill specific functions.
doexyribose A five-carbon sugar found in the DNA molecule.
dizygotic twins Fraternal twins; twins derived from separate zygotes.
DNA triplet Sequences of three bases on the DNA molecule that code a specific amino acid or other genetic function.
dominant When in the heterozygous genotype only one allele is expressed in the phenotype, that allele is said to be dominant.
environment Everything external to the organism.
estrus Time period during which the female is sexually receptive.
gamete A sex cell produced by meiosis that contains one copy of a chromosome set (23 chromosomes in humans). In a bisexual animal, the sex cell is either a sperm or an ovum.
genes A section of DNA that has a specific function.
genotype The genetic constitution of an individual.
Guanine One of the bases found in the DNA and RNA molecules; a purine.
heterozygous Having two different alleles of a particular gene.
homologous chromosomes Chromosomes of the same pair containing the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles.
homozygous Having two like alleles of a particular gene: homozygous dominant when the allele is dominant and homozygous recessive when the allele is recessive.
homozygous dominant Having two dominant alleles of the same gene.
homozygous recessive Having two recessive alleles of the same gene.
hybrids Individual that is the result of a cross or mating between two different kinds of parents.
independent assortment A Mendelian principle that states that differing traits are inherited independently of each other. It applies only to genes on different chromosomes.
karyotype The standardized classification and arrangement of chromosomes.
linkage Association of genes on the same chromosome.
lipids Class of compounds that includes fats, oils, and waxes.
meiosis Form of cell division occurring in specialized tissues in the testes and ovaries that leads to the production of gametes or sex cells.
messenger RNA (mRNA) Form of RNA that copies the DNA code in the nucleus and transports it to the ribosome.
mitochondria Bodies found in the cytoplasm that convert the energy in the chemical bonds of organic molecules into ATP.
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) A double-stranded loop of DNA found within the mitochondria; there can be as few as one or as many as a hundred mitochondria per cell, and each mitochondrion possesses between 4 and 10 mtDNA loops.
mitosis Form of cell division whereby one-celled organisms divide and whereby body cells divide in growth and replacement.
model A representation of a phenomenon on which tests can be conducted and from which predictions can be made.
molecules Unit composed of two or more atoms linked by a chemical bond.
monozygotic twins Identical twins; derived from a single zygote.
nuclear DNA (nDNA) DNA found within the nucleus of the cell.
nuclear membrane A structure that binds the nucleus within the cell.
nucleic acids The largest of the molecules found in living organisms; they are composed of chains of nucleotides.
nucleotide The basic building block of nucleic acids; a nucleotide is composed of a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate, and a base.
nucleus A structure found in the cell that contains the chromosomes.
oogenesis The production of ova.
ovulation The point during the female reproductive cycle, usually the midpoint, when the ovum has matured and breaks through the wall of the ovary.
pangenesis An early and inaccurate idea that acquired characteristics of the parents are transmitted to their offspring.
peptide bond A link between amino acids in a protein.
phenotype The observable and measurable characteristics of an organism.
phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) An artificially created substance whose main use is in detecting the ability to taste it; ability to taste PTC is inherited as a dominant.
phosphate unit A unit of the nucleic acid molecule consisting of a phosphate and four oxygen atoms.
plasma membrane A structure that binds the cell but allows for the entry and exit of certain substances.
polar bodies A cell that develops in oogenesis that contains little cytoplasm and does not develop into a mature ovum.
polypeptides Chain of amino acids.
proteins Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (a polypeptide chain).
purines Base found in nucleic acids that consists of two connected rings of carbon and nitrogen; in DNA and RNA, adenine and guanine.
pyrimidines Base found in nucleic acids that consists of a single ring of carbon and nitrogen; in DNA, thymine and cytosine; in RNA, uracil and cytosine.
recessive An allele that is expressed only in the homozygous recessive condition.
recombination New combinations of alleles on the same chromosome as a result of crossing-over.
ribonucleic acid (RNA) A type of nucleic acid based on the sugar ribose; exists in cells as messenger RNA and transfer RNA.
ribose A five-carbon sugar found in RNA.
ribosomes Small spherical body within the cytoplasm of the cell in which protein synthesis takes place.
segregation In the formation of sex cells, the process in which paired hereditary factors separate, forming sex cells that contain either one or the other factor.
sex chromosomes The X and Y chromosomes. Males usually have one X and one Y chromosome; females usually have two X chromosomes.
spermatogenesis Sperm production.
Thymine One of the bases found in DNA; a pyrimidine
trait One aspect of the phenotype.
transfer RNA (tRNA) Within the ribosome, a form of RNA that transports amino acids into the positions coded in the mRNA.
true-bleeding Showing the same traits without exception over many generations.
Uracil One of the bases found in RNA; a pyrimidine.
X Chromosome The larger of the two sex chromosomes. Females usually possess two X chromosomes; males usually possess one X and one Y chromosome.
X-linked Refers to genes on the X chromosome.
Y Chromosome The smaller of the two sex chromosomes. Females usually possess no Y chromosome; males usually possess one X and one Y chromosome.
Y-linked Refers to genes on the Y chromosome.
zygote A fertilized ovum.
Created by: Ian Aitchison
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