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| term | definition |
|---|---|
| Darius | King of Persia during Achaemenid Empire--Known as Darius the Great--Conquered most of the known world--550-486 BCE |
| Xerxes | Son of Darius---4th King of Achaemenid Empire---Ruled 486-465 BCE--- Killed by bodyguard--- Famous for fighting Leonidias and Thermopolyae |
| Royal Road | Major continental thoroughfare built by King Darius---allowed access to the conquered cities throughout the Persian Empire--Same road Alexander the Great used to conquer Acaemeid |
| Phoenicia | Collection of City states along Eastern Mediterranean Sea--Where Syria, Israel, and Lebanon are today--Great seasmen and |
| Phoenician alphabet | developed from Proto-Canaanite alphabet during 15th century BCE---Came after cuneiform script---Earliest known inscriptions from alphabet came from Byblos and dated back to 1000BCE |
| Athens | Center of Greek civilization for some 4,000 years---Capital of modern Greece---Dominated by 5th century BCE landmarks--Including the Acropolis. Contmeporary City with nightlife hubs |
| Sparta | a warrior society in Ancient Greece---They reached the height of power taking down Athens in Peloponnesian War--culture focused on loyalty to state and military service |
| Oligarchy | to rule or command; is a power structure where power rests with a small number of people---rulers could be chosen by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, and military--Inheritance not necessary |
| Democracy | government form where supreme power is in the people--representatives elected through a voting system--Comes from Greek words, "demos" and "kratia", which means power and authority |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher born in Greece--life shared through the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon--"Socratic Methods" started the western systems of logic and philosophy--Sentenced to death by hemlock poisoning |
| Aristotle | Ancient Greek philosopher who also helped create western philosophy--born in 384 BCE in Stagira, Greece---Started school called Lyceum, in Athens--Spent much of his life teaching and writing in Athens |
| Plato | He developed the foundations of metaphysics and epistemology--Disciple of Socrates who studied the question of virtue and the formation of noble character--became a writer |
| Persian Wars | A series of conflicts between the Greek states and the Persian Empire--Most information about the wars comes from the writings of Herodotus |
| Peloponnesian Wars | Athens and , Sparta fought in these wars between 499-449 BCE--Also called the Greco-Persian wars---Lasted almost 30 years---Left Sparta with victory and Athens bankrupt, exhausted and demoralized |
| Hellenistic Age | During this period Hellenic was the culture due to Greek presence in Asia---Began in 323 BCE and ends in 31 BCE---political division during this time from Alexander the Great's former empire |
| Alexander the Great | King of Macedonia and conqueror of the Persian Empire---thought of as one of the great military geniuses of all time-parents were Philip II, king of Macedonia and Olympias, of Epirus---Was an equestrian |
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