The contents of a synaptic vesicle include

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PSY 260 Midterm

Question	Answer
Ligands are chemicals that	attach to binding sites
During an EPSP	sodium enters the cell
During an IPSP	Chloride enters the cell
What ion plays the most essential role in releasing a transmitter into the synapse	calcium
Which of the following never changes in neuron	threshold
Large synaptic vesicles are produced in the ____ and are transported to the____	soma; terminal buttons
The contents of a synaptic vesicle include	neurotransmitter, structural proteins, and DNA (all the above)
Neurotransmitters are produced in the	Cell body
How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft	diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by surrounding glial cells (all the above)
The catecholamines (NE, DA, and E) are synthesized from which amino acid	Tyrosine
The cell bodies of neurons that release serotonin are located in the	Raphe
Cell bodies of neurons that release acetylcholine in the cortex are located in	nucleus Basalis
Drugs of reward generally act to release____ in the_____	Dopamine; nucleus accumbens
Inototropic receptors	change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them
A neurons's own transmitters, detected by its presynaptic autoreceptors,	inhibits the release or synthesis of that transmitter
What chemical represents the "first message"	neurotransmitter
Serotonin has been related to	depression
Dopamine has been related to	schizophrenia
A second messenger system can	initiate the production of new protiens
Mania has been related to	norepinephrine
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas neurotransmitter that:	dialates blood vessels in active areas
What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord	glycine
repeated stimulation may cause	sensitization, habituation, and associated behaviors (all the above)
Habituation is the result of	Sensory and Motor (Both A and B)
The first demonstration that neurons communicated via chemical means was by	Otto Loewi
Adrenalin refers to	epinephrine and a transmitter released from the adrenal gland
Morphine inhibits pain awareness by	blocking MAO actions
Nictric Oxide is involved in which drug action	Viagra
Which of the following neurotransmitters are synthesized from the amino acid, tyrosine	Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Epinephrine (all the above)
Which of the following does not belong to the class of 'small molecule' neurotransmitters	Glutamate
____ is the transmitter that slows heart rate and activates skeletal muscles	Acetylcholine
____ is a neurotransmitter is involved in memory	Acetylcholine
Opiod peptides include which of the following	Enkephalins
Which mechanism related to the stimulation of an action potential doesn't belong	Chloride channels open
The cell bodies of neurons that release serotonin are located in the	Raphe
Cholinergic refers to which transmitter	Acetylcholine
Which of the following is/are monoamines	Serotonin, Dopamine, and Norepinephrine (all the above)
Serotonin is sythesized from ____ whcih is derived from____	tryptophan; ingested nutrients
Which of the following is true...	All the above are correct
Activation of cannabinoid receptors	All the above
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat	All the above are correct
Alcohol	Disrupts the organization the cell membrane
Amphetamne	releases DA into the synapse
LSD	a serotonin agonist
Valium	increases influx of chloride
Ritalin	inhibits DA reuptake
The first generation of antidepressents developed acted	to inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase
Excitotoxicity is mediated by overstimulation exerted by which neurotransmitter	glutamate
A key characteristic of a drug, as defined in the text, is that it	is an exogenous chemical
_____ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and then excreted from the body	Pharmacokinetics
An important drawback to the ____ route is the high likelihood of accidental overdose	intravenous
the ____ route of drug administration is commonly used for small laboratory animals such as the rat	intraperitoneal
A drug that might cause stomach upset if taken orally can alternatively be administered to a human via	a rectal suppository
The primary route of excretion of drugs from the body is via the	kidneys
_____ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action	Affinity
The term ____ refers to a state of anxious misery, often produced by withdrawl from certain drugs of abuse	Dysphoria
One mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is a(n)	reduced number of receptors for the drug
Which of the following is true of drug sensitization	Drug sensitization is LESS COMMON than is drug tolerance
AN example of a withdrawl symptom for a heroin addict would be	dysphoria
A(n) ____ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects	antagonist
Drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic effects are termed	agonist
A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor most likely	INCREASES the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
A drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)	direct antagonist
The two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are	glutamate; GABA
Which of the following is an incorrect match between a neurotransmitter and its effects	glutamate; released by all sensory neurons
Which pair of transmitters are the primary excitory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain	glutamate; GABA
_____ is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by motor axons of the CNS	acetylcholine
In the anecdote on cholinergic toxicity, Mr. F. contracted botulism by	testing the liquid from a spoiled jar of asparagus
The disease process of myasthenia gravis produces muscle weakness by	reducing the number of ACh receptors on the muscles
Which of the following is an adverse consequence of the use of "designer drugs"	toxic consequences of drug alteration
Which pair below represents the receptor subtypes for acetylcholine	nicotinic; muscarinic
If a new drug is developed that is a potent CB1 antagonist, one would except this drug to	IMPARE the reinforcing actions of drugs such as nicotine, cocaine, and alcohol
Curare is used in medical clinics to	induce relaxation in muscles that are to be cut during surgical procedure
The amino acid ____ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine	Tyrosine
Which of the following is classified as an indolamine	serotonin
Tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of	dopamine
Degeneration of neurons within the ___ dopamine system leads to Parkinson's disease	nigrostriatal
Drugs are reinforcing when	they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism
The _____ dopamine system plays a key role n the control of __	mesocortical; planning and problem solving
Abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with	schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease
Serotonin is synthesized from	tryptophan
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat	depression
Cell bodies of serotonin neurons are located within	raphe nuclei
The hallucinatory drug PCP (phencyclidine)	is an antagonist of the NMDA receptor
The term "opioid" refers to _____, while the term "opioates" refers to _____	endogenous chemicals; exogenous drugs
The excitatory effects of caffeine result from	blockade of adenosine receptors
The drug ____ blocks reuptakes of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin	cocaine
Mr. B. suffered a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in his brain after ingesting a neurotoxin. Which of these therapies below was successful in restoring his motor function?	Injection of fetal nigrostriatal neurons into...
Which of the following is true of the experimental ablation technique	the technique is one of the OLDEST METHODS used in neuroscience
Which of the following is a rationale for lesion studies	the change in behavior that follows a particular brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain area
Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior	the lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior
Infusion of ____ into the brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation	kainic acid
Molecular biologists have tagged toxins to specific ____ that in turn will kill specific types of neurons	antibodies
The key advantage of a reversible lesion is that	axons of passage are not affected by reversible procedures
Which of the following chemicals can be used to create a reversible lesion in brain tissue	a local anesthetic such as lidocaine
_____ is (are) a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery	Bregma
Microdialysis studies indicated that administration of ____ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens	alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine
The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas refer to	anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates
Of the following, which term does not belong with the other four terms	electrical stimulation of the brain
Formalin is the useful in the histology laboratory because it	halts the enzyme process that breaks down the tissue after death
The _____ instrument is used to slice the brain into thin pieces for later examination	microtome
Of the structures in the following list, cresyl violet stains ____ most intensely	cell bodies
Which of the following techniques can reveal the three-dimensional detail of the cells within a brain section	....
Early changes in the brain during exposure to addictive drugs involves the insertion of ____ receptors into neuron membranes located within the ____	AMPA; VTA
Which of the following is true of the confocal laser scanning microscopy	the procedure can be used to visualize living brain cells
Which of the following is true of the anterograde labeling procedure	the target molecule is TAKEN UP by the dendrites of cells in the injection zone and transported through axons
Which term below means "moving forward"	anterograde
The key use of PHA-L, a lectin made by kidney beans, in neuroscience is to	label neuronal pathways by anterograde support
Which term below means "moving backward"	retrograde
The ____ method can be used to trace the paths of different axons	fluorogold
The usefulness of psuedorabies virus for histological analyses is	for the tracing of serial synaptic connections
Of these techniques for visualizing the living human brain, the first developed was	...
The ____ technique uses a radio frequency wave to excite hydrogen atoms in the brain to create an image of the living human brain	magnetic resonance imaging
The _____ technique is used to visualize axon bundles in the living human brain	diffusion tensor imaging
The ____ technique can be used to visualize differences between white and gray matter in a living subject	magnetic resonance imaging
What is the source of the electrical potentials recorded from the scalp of a human subject	the SUMMATED ACTIVITYof nerve cell action potentials and postsynaptic potentials
The ____ is a device used to detect the electrical activity of a single nerve cell in the brain	microelectrode
Which statement below is true of drug addiction	withdrawl symptoms and tolerance are the result of compensatory mechanisms
The term ____ is a common name for a device used to display the changes in voltage redorded from the scalp over time	polygraph
How did the neruosurgens detect the fact that clamping off Mrs. F,'s left common carotid artery produced insufficient blood flow to her brain	her EEG record showed SLOW wave activity
Which of the following is true of opiate reinforcement	NATURAL rewards involve cholinergic and opiate systems
The ____ technique uses photographic emulsions to record the activity of discrete neurons in the brain	2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography
A useful attribute of immediate early genes for neuron visualization techniques is that	...
The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique measures changes in ____ to image brain metabolic activity	blood oxygen levels
A key disadvantage of the electrical stimulation technique is that	the stimulation does not always duplicate natural neural processes
The ____ procedure uses magnetic waves to alter brain neural activity	transcranial magnetic stimulation
The drug ____ is unique in that it will NOT support addiction	LSD
A key disadvantage of the microdialysis technique is	the ability to sample transmitter substances in an awake living organism
The _____ method uses an antibody linked to radioactive molecule to bind to a peptide or an enzyme in brain tissue	immunocytochemistry
______ have identical genotypes	monozygotic twins
Which of the following is strong evidence for an environmental contribution to a behavior	adopted children resemble their adopted families with regard to a trait
Which of the following is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to behavior	monozygotic twins have a higher concordance rate then do dizygotic twins
The __________ method can be used to identify the neural inputs of the brain region	retrograde labeling
The first person to show that nerves generated electrical potentials to communicate was	Galvani
Which of the following breaks down some of DA, NE, and 5-HT are released into the synaptic cleft	monoamine oxidase
The durg ______ is useful for the treatment of opiate overdose	naloxone
According to class discussion, this drug is the most addictive based on recidivism	nicotine

Created by: mvhurley4

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