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Ch 14-15
Religous Wars and the Age of Discovery
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were two main precursors to the Protestant Reformation? | Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism |
| Who were some early reformers? | John Wycliffe, Jan Hus and the conciliarists |
| Who were the two main renaissance humanists? | Sir Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus |
| What were the three clerical abuses in the church? | immoral priests; ignorance; pluralism |
| What was the main problem that caused Luther to pin the 95 theses? | indulgences |
| What are indulgences and why were they established? | Money paid to the church equaled less tim in purgatory; Pope Leo X needed mor money to finish construction of St. Peter's Basiclica |
| What is considered the year of the official start of the Reformation? | 1517 |
| What did Martin Luther post on the door of the Catholic Church that started the Reformation? | The 95 theses |
| What was the Diet of Worms? | meeting of the princes of the HRE and the emperor |
| Why was Luther summoned to the Diet of Worms? | He was asked to recant, but he was declared and outlaw because he refused |
| What invention contributed to the success of the Reformation? | the printing press |
| Who protect Martin Luther after he was excommunicated? | Prince Frederick III of Saxony at the Warburg Castle |
| What language did Martin Luther translate the Bible into? | German |
| What were the three main beliefs of Luther? | sola fide; sola scriptura; religious and secular vocations are equal |
| What was the cause of the Peasant Revolts? | religious change caused peasants to believe ther could be political change; thought Luther would support them |
| Did Luther support the peasant revolts? | No, sympathetic with some things, but did not support the violence; told nobles to put down the revolts; 100,000 peasants died, Luther said they got what they deserved |
| What did Luther's German translation increase? | German patriotism |
| Political Implication of the Reformation | a faith different from the majority = new faith, political threat |
| What caused 100 yrs, of political wars? | the reformation |
| Were peasants worse off or better off after the reformation | worse |
| What did the clergy now have to do? | pay taxes |
| What is individualism | changed the way people though of themselves; thought for themselves about Bible |
| What were some social implications of the reformation | literacy for both boys & girls; promoted marriage and affirmed the place of women as an integral part of the home; clergy now brought into secular life; attracted middle class |
| What were some intellectual implications of the reformation? | increase in literacy, common people study the Bible for themselves, Luther promoted music, Catholic and Counter Refomation embraced Baroque music and art style |
| What areas were Lutheran? | Scandinavia and parts of Germany |
| What areas remained Catholic | France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium and souther Germany |
| What country became Anglican | England |
| What areas became Calvinist? | Switzerland, Holland, Scotland, parts of France and some British people |
| Who was Zwingli? | A Swiss who had similar ideas to Luther's but believed that the Eucharist was a memorial |
| Who was John Calvin? | started Calvinism in Geneva; believed in theocracy |
| What was Calvin's main belief? | predestination |
| What was the government of Geneva like? | consistory; pastors and laymen to watch over behavior of Genevans and administor correction; investigated absence from church and serious crimes |
| What denominations were influenced by Calvinism? | presbyterian church in Scotland; Huguenots, puritans in England |
| What did anabaptists believe about the government? | separation of church and state |
| What was the Supremacy Act? | made the king the supreme head of the church in England (did this to marry Anne Boleyn); behead Sir Thomas More |
| What did the Church of England do to the monasteries? | ended them |
| What did Edward VI do? | ended the monasteries |
| How did "Bloody Mary" get her nickname? | trying to force England back to Catholicism/executed hundreds of Protestants |
| What did Elizabeth say about religion | enforce Church of England, but didn't care what people privately believed as long as they didn't cause trouble (Elizabethan Settlement) |
| Why was Reform in the Catholic Church slow? | Popes were preoccupied with Italian politics and saw Germany as a land of Barbarians |
| When was the Council of Trent | (1545-1563) |
| What was the council of trent | attempted to reconciliation with Protestants; equal value of scripture and tradition; emphasis on education; baroque art style affirmed |
| Who founded the Society of Jesuits? | Ignatius Loyola |
| What was the Jesuits> | education and missionary work |
| What was the Holy Office | part of the Spanish Inquisition to attack and punish heresy |
| What was the Index of Prohibited Books? | books established by the Catholic Church that were prohibited |
| What did Northern Renaissance art emphasize? | common people, religious themes, background detail |
| What did protestant baroque art tend to focus on? | daily life |
| what were some characteristics of baroque art | direct emotional involvement; expressed power, triumph and control; movement fusion of sculture and painting and arhitecture |
| Important artists | Carracci, Caravaggio, Berini, Reubens, Rembrandt, VErmeer, Velasquez |
| Who helped to develop the baroque style | carracci |
| When was the extreme witch hunting? | 1560-1660 |
| Who developed the essay? | Michel de Montaigne |
| What were some important works of Elizabethan and Jacobean literature? | Shakespeare's plays, KJV |
| What lands did Charles V inherit | Spain (&NW empire) HRE, Austria, Low Countries, parts of Italy, Philippines |
| What were the three wars that Charles V was fighting? | Schmalkaldic (vs. Lutherans, France (for control of ITaly), Ottoman Empire (for Austria) |
| What were the Schmalkaldic Wars? | 1530-1555 between Catholics and Lutherans; ended by Peace of Augsburg 1555 |
| What was the Peace of Augsburg 1555? | whose realm, his religion (Catholic or Lutheran, did not include Calvinists) |
| When did Charles V abdicate? Why? | 1556; health problems |
| What did Ferdinand get from Charles V? | HRE |
| What was the Concordat of Bologna? | French rulers got control over appointments in the church of France, gave them a reason to support and fight for the church, appointees often didn't have spiritual qualifications, average people were attracted to the Reformation |
| What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572? | Catholics massacred Huguenots |
| What was the Edict of Nantes (1598)? | granted huguenots liberty of worship |
| The 10 southern provinces fell to what and became what? | Catholic forces; Belgium |
| The 7 northern provinces remained what and became what? | Calvinist, Holand |
| What was the Union of Utrecht, | Holland declared independence from Spain |
| What religion was Philip II | Catholic |
| What were causes of the Thirty Years War? | cold war between Catholics & Protestants, Calvinists not included, Neither side satisfied with Peace of Augsburg HR emperor tried to to reassert his power, Foreign powers wanted German land - Germany weak |
| What word means thrown out the window? | defenestration |
| What were the four phases of the thirty years war? | Bohemian (1620-1625); Danish (1625-1629); Swedish (1631-1634); French (1635-1648) |
| What was the Edict of Restitution and what phase was it apart of? | lands to be given back to Catholic Church, no rights for Calvinists, power of emperor was growing; Danish phase |
| What was the Peace of Westphalia (1648)? | end of religious wars; Catholic and Protestant division become permanent; Sweden & France gained land, Holland officially independent, emperor became a figure head, Sweden & France gained land, Holland officially independent |
| What was Germany like after the Thirty Years War? | 1/3 of the population dead, diseases, refugees fled, intensified by inflation, many small farmers had to sell land, become serfs, still disunited |
| When was the Age of Discovery? | 1450-1650 |
| In the 1400's how much did the Europeans know about the earth? | about as much as the Romans |
| What force was conquering and frightening Europeans? | Ottoman Empire |
| What were some of the reasons that people wanted to explore the world? | gold, spices, overseas routes to India & China, curiousity, convert others, find legendary places, |
| Who was Marco Polo? | (1254-1324) followed overland trade route to China in late 1200's |
| Who was "The Navigator"? | Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460) established navigation school; |
| Where di Vasco de Gama go? (1498) | India |
| What was the caravel? | small, light, wind-powered ship with cargo space, mounted cannons; did not need soldiers or rowers |
| What two inventions helped with navigation? | magnetic compass, astrolabe |
| Who was Columbus? | 1492- took a 33 day voyage to Caribbean; knew the earth was round but underestimated its size |
| What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? | 1494- to prevent conflict between Portugal and Spain; drew lines about what areas they could conquer |
| Who led the way in trade? | Portugal |
| What was the Golden Century of Spain? | gold trade and spices that caused inflation in spain; expelled Jew and muslims-some of its best business people and farmer; price revolution |
| Who was the first to reach the tip of Africa? | Bartholomew Diaz; called it the Cape of Good Hope (1487 |
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