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Chapter 7 sociology
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Deviance | behavior that departs from societal or group norms |
Negative Deviance | involves behavior that under conforms to accepted norms |
Positive Deviance | involves behavior that over conforms to social expectations |
Deviant | a person who breaks significant societal or group norms |
Social Control | ways to encourage conformity to society's norms |
Social Sanctions | rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms |
Anomie | a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting or absent |
Strain Theory | theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means |
Control Theory | theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society |
Differential Association Theory | theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to |
Labeling Theory | theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant |
Primary Deviance | deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept |
Secondary Deviance | deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms |
Victim Discounting | process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status |
White-Collar Crime | job-related crimes committed by high-status people |
Crime | acts committed in violation of the law |
Criminal Justice System | system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statuses |
Detterence | discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment |
Retribution | punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts |
Incarceration | a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons |
Rehabilitation | process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization |
Recidivism | a repetition of or return to criminal behavior |
Stigma | an undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual |