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Chapter 12 Geologic

QuestionAnswer
Who is James Hutton? Scottish physician and farmer who published his Theory of the Earth. Funded uniformitarianism, which stated that the physical, chemical, and biological laws used today were used in the past also.
What is uniformitarianism? The forces and processes that we use today have been at work for a very long time. Example- Colorado River
What is relative dating? Identifying which rock unit comes first, second, third and so on. Tells the sequence it occurred in not how long ago they occurred.
What is the law of superposition? States that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it.
What is the principal of original horizontality? States that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.
What is the principal of cross-cutting relationships? States that when a fault cuts through, or when magma intrudes and crystallizes, we can assume that the fault or intrusion is younger than the rocks affected.
What is an unconformity? Represents a long period during which deposition stopped, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumes.
What is an angular unconformity? Indicates that during the pause in deposition, a period of deformation and erosion occurred.
What is a disconformity? Happens when two sedimentary rock layers are separated by erosional surface.
What is a nonconformity? Means that erosional surface separates older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks from younger sedimentary rocks.
What is correlation? Means establishing the equivalence of rocks of similar age in different areas. The methods by which the age relationship between various strata of earth's crust is established.
What is a fossil? Is the remains or traces of an organism preserved from the geologic past.
What is unaltered fossil remains? Does not mean the organism is unchanged, but that the original material of the organism has not been changed to another substance.
What is altered fossil remains? Means the remains of an organism are likely to be changed over time.
What are trace fossils? Is indirect evidence of prehistoric life.
What is the principal of fossil succession? States that fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order. Therefore, any time period can be recognized by its fossil content.
What are the three requirements for a fossil to be classified as an index fossil? 1) Widespread geographically. 2) Limited to a short span of geologic time. 3) Occur in large numbers.
What are fossils used for? Used to determine the age of rocks, to interpret and describe ancient environments, and to indicate the former temperature of the water. They help unravel the complex story of earth history.
What is radioactivity? Is the spontaneous decay of certain unstable atomic nuclei.
What is half-life? Is a common way of expressing the rate of radioactive decay. It is the amount of time necessary for one half of the nuclei in a sample to decay to its stable isotope.
What is radioactive dating? Is the procedure of calculating the absolute ages of rocks and minerals that contain radioactive isotopes.
Created by: cbeville
 

 



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