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Ch. 16 & 17
Absolutism and Constitutionalism in the East and the West
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is absolutism | centralized government authority that allowed a king to rule iwth greater power and control, without limitation from other sources of authority of power |
| What is constitutionalism | limitation of power of government by law, including the protection of rights |
| When was Henry IV crowned? | 1589 |
| What were some of the things that Henry IV did? | solved problems reduced taxes; issued the Edict of Nantes |
| Which European country was the first to fully adopt absolutism? Who is considered the greatest absolute monarch? | France; Louis XIV |
| Which countries in western Europe adopted constitutionalism? | England and Netherlands |
| How and when did Henry IV die? | murdered in 1610 by CAtholic fanatic |
| Who was Cardinal Richelieu? | became part of the council who ruled during Louis XIII's regency; handled many of the responsibilities that should have belonged to the king |
| What was cardinal Richelieu's viewpoint on absolutism | believed that there should be a total subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy; crushed opposition |
| Why did Richelieu hire Intendants? | hired from new judicial nobility, sent oto districts away from their homes, directly responsible to the king |
| What did Richelieu do in 1627? | ended Huguenot politics and military independence; siege and fall of the La Rochelle |
| What were some of the ways the French state was strengthened? | standardization of FRench language; tough anti-Habsburg foreign policy; intendants |
| What was the "raison d'etat"? | (reason of state) used by Richelieu to justify actions of the state that would otherwise be judged as immoral if committed by a commoner |
| Who replace Richelieu in 1642 | Cardinal Mazarin |
| When did Louis XIV come to power? | 1643 |
| What was a result of centralization in Louis XIV rule? | the Frond (civil war 1648-1653) |
| What did Louis XIV make the nobles do in order to increase his power? | convinced them to spend time at Versailles and kept them busy |
| What are other ways that louis XIV increased his power? | chose councilors of state from recently ennobled and upper middle class; use secret police, spying, terror; recruited soldiers by impressment, conscription and lottery; hired foreign mercenaries |
| Who was Jean-Baptiste Colbert | controller general of fincances |
| What is mercantilism | resources are limited, so export, but don't import and steal from your neighbors; profitable trading |
| what happened as a part of mercantilism? | peasants highly taxed; colonies (Quebec 1608) |
| When was the Edict of Nantes revoked and why was it revoked? | 1685; Louis XIV believed that there should be "one king, one law, one faith" |
| What was an effect of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes | exile immigration hurt FRance's economy |
| What was French Classicism | resembled art of Renaissance Italy; great court ceremonies and daily rituals; drama (Moliere and Racine) |
| Who was france eventually defeated by during their expanse of territory? | Holland |
| what happened during the second half of Louis XIV's reign? | bankrupted by continual wars that were often not successful |
| What was Spain like at the end of the Habsburgs? | lacked a middle class; expensive wars; government rules made business difficult; poor royal leadership |
| Describe Charles II of Spain | physically and mentally defective; generation of interbreeding-his parents were more closely related than a normal brother & sister |
| What was the war of the spanish succession? | things weren't right with Charles II and he didn't have an heir; European powers decided to divide the Spanish empire between France and hre (1698) |
| AFter Charles II's death what happened to Spain? | Spanish Empire went to Louis XIV's grandson Philip of Anjou |
| What was a result of the Charles will | dutch, english, austrians and prussians formed the grand alliance again Louis XIV; in Utrecht 1713, decided that Spain and France would never be united |
| Who was the big winner in the war of the spanish succession | england |
| What was the Peace of Utrecht 1713? | beginning of "balance of power principle; completion of spain decline; spain and france would never be united |
| Constitutionalism is not ___ | democratic |
| Elizabeth I | political shrewdness and skill allowed her to exercise a lot of power, worked with Parliament (last Tudor monarch |
| Henry VII | involves parliament indecision for reformation |
| James I of Scotland | (Elizabeth I's cousin); new Stuart dynasty -less skill -tried to be absolutist |
| How were economics in Enlgand | growing faster than inflation; better agricultural techniques; government allowed and supported commerce; |
| What was the house of lords? | all nobles; wealthy through commercer |
| house of commons | middle class; |
| How did James I see parliament | as a threat; made it his enemy by lecturing it on absolutism |
| What did parliament want | political power equal with their economic power |
| religion in England | dominant religious groups that were Calvinist by the early 1600's were dissatisfied with the church of England |
| the more zealous calvinists were | puritans; didn't believe Henry VIII and Elizabeth I had gone far enough |
| what was the protestant ethic | emphasized hard work sobriety, thrift, linked sin with poverty, weakness |
| (1625-1649); calvinist, but imposed rituals like C of E; dissolved parliament in 1629, but needed money to fight scots in 1640 | |
| What did Charles I imposition of prayer book and bishops on Presbyterian Scots lead to | revolt |
| What was the "Long Parliament" | 1640-1660; commons passed triennial act without the approval of the king; threatened to abolish biships |
| What was the triennial act | parliament meets every 3 yrs. |
| What did the "Long Parliament" lead to | irish revolution |
| English Civil WAr | Parliament and Charles fought for soverignety |
| What happened to charles | was executed by parliament in 1649 |
| What was the interregnum? | 1649-1660; no king; parliament; coucil of state |
| Who was oliver cromwell | controlled the army during the interregnum; the "Lord Protector"; tore up contitution and ruled as military dictator using army |
| What was the restoration? | 1658; people wanted stability and were weary of military government & attempts to create a community of puritanical saints (like Geneva); Charles II recalled from France |
| What were the unresolved issues of the restoration | status of various Christian groups; relation ship between king & parliament |
| What was the secret agreement with Louis XIV? | because parliament did not provide enough funds to Charles he mad a secret agreement with Louis XIV for 200,000 pounds a year |
| James II (1685-1688) | appointed Catholics to important positions in violation of law; wife had a son- fear of Catholic absolutist dynasty in French Style |
| What happened during the glorious revolution? | sovereignty divided between king & parliament; Mary and William signed English Bill of rights; |
| Why was it called the glorious revolution? | solved with not really any bloodshed |
| What was the british government after the Bill of rights? | parliament represented the upper classes; became more democratic; cabinet system developed; king became less involved over time |
| What was the cabinet system | leading minsters formulate common policy & conduct the business of the country |
| Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan. What were his beliefs? | the monarch gets power from the people; kings have absolute power but not divine right |
| John Locke wrote the second treatise of civil government. What did he believe | the role of government is to protect natural rights; does have to be tyrannical |
| What happened during the Dutch Golden Age | religious toleration; much achievement; states general;toleration of Jews; Dutch East India Company |
| What were regents | handled domestic affairs in the states |
| What was the states general | handled foreign affairs; appointed a representative in each province; dominated by Holland; monarchy remained, but middle-class ran government; |
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