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chapter 13, 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| li yuan | also known as duke of tang minister for yangdi; took over empire following assassination of yangdi; first emperor of tang dynasty; took imperial tutle of gaozu |
| chang'an | capital of tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city the world at the time |
| ministry of rites | administered examinations to students from chinese government schools or thise recommended by distinguished scholars |
| jinshi | title granted to students who passed the most difficult chinese examination on all of chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office |
| pure land buddhism | emphasized slavtionist aspects of chinese buddhism; popular among masses of chinese society |
| chan buddhism | known as zen in japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite chinese dynasty |
| zen buddhism | known as chan buddhism in china; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty |
| empress wu | tang ruler 690-705 c.e in china; supported buddhist establishment; tried to elevate buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of buddha created |
| wuzong | chinese emperor of tang dynasty who openly persecuted buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of chinsese biddhism on favor of confucian ideology |
| Xuanzong | Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, although he encouraged overexpansion |
| Yang Guifie | (719-756) Royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of her relatives into royal administration led to revolt |
| Zhao Kuangyin | (r. 960-976) Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent |
| Liao dyansty | Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China |
| Khitans | Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century |
| Zhu Xi | (1130-12000) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action |
| neo-Confucians | Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences |
| Tangut | Rulers of Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China; one of regional kingdoms during period of southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226 |
| Xi Xia | Kingdom of Tangut people, north of Song kingdom, in mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry |
| Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society |
| Jurchens | Founders of the Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south |
| Jin | Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty; ended in 1234 |
| Southern Song | Rump state of Song dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Song; culturally one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history |
| Grand Canal | Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long |
| junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula |
| flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency |
| footbinding | Practice in Chinese society of mutilating women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household |
| Li Bo | (701-762) Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. The name is alternately spelled Li Po and Li Bai |
| Taika reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army |
| Tale of Genji, The | Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society |
| Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power |
| bushi | Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies |
| samurai | Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor |
| seppuku | Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor |
| Taira | Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars |
| Minamoto | Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan |
| Gempei Wars | Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira |
| bakufu | Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai |
| shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan) |
| Hojo | Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and maniupulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in name of Japanese emperor at Kyoto |
| Ashikaga Takuaji | Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino |
| Ashika Shogunate | Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336-1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority |
| daimyos | Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states |
| Choson | Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han armies in 109 BCE |
| Koguryo | Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37 BCE; began a process of Sinification |
| Silla | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668 |
| Paekche | Independent Korean kingdom in southwestern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century |
| Sinification | Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam |
| Yi | Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence |
| Khmers | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south |
| Trung sisters | Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society |
| Chams | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south |
| Nguyen | Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue |
| Trinh | Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south |
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