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VTT Pharmacology 3
CNS drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tranquilizer | A drug which induces a state of calm (Aware DON'T CARE) |
| Sedative | A drug that induces CNS depressions and drowsiness |
| Which phenothiazine drugs are commonly used in veterinary practice? | Acepromazine and Chlorpromazine |
| What adverse reaction of acepromazine is important to remember when dosing horses?? | penile prolapse paraphemosis |
| What is the concentration of injectable acepromazine | 10mg/ml |
| What is the maximum parenteral dose of acepromazine for dogs? | 3mg |
| What is the maximum parenteral dose of acepromazine for cats? | 1mg |
| What causes paradoxical aggression and CNS excitement? | acepromazine |
| Is acepromazine a controlled substance? | no |
| What drug is light sensitive and absorbs into plastic | Diazepam |
| What is the concentration of injectable diazepam? | 5mg/ml |
| What ratio do you use for mixing diazepam with ketamine? | 1:1 equal parts diazepam and ketamine |
| Is diazepam readily absorbed when administered IM or SQ? | NO |
| Why is diazepam NOT readily absorbed when administered IM or SQ? | It is lipophilic, meaning it absorbs well in fats/phospholipids NOT in water or aqueous regions |
| What are common uses for acepromazine? | pre-anesthetic, sedative for travelling, fireworks, thunderstorms |
| What are the adverse effects of acepromazine? | Hypotension, penile prolapse in horses, prolapse of the nictitans (3rd eyelid) |
| Can acepromazine be given IM | Yes, but be aware that it burns, this will not be taken well by your patients |
| In what breeds are phenothiazine drugs contraindicated? | giant breeds and sight hounds may be extremely sensitive, terrier breeds may be somewhat resistant to it. |
| Does acepromazine have any analgesic properties | NO |
| Which benzodiazepine drug is well absorbed when administered IM or SQ? | Midazolam |
| Zolazopam is only found in what combination drug?? | Telazol |
| What are common Alpha-2 -agonist drugs used in the veterinary field? | xylazine, metetomidine, dexmetetomidine,detomidine |
| Do phenothiazine drugs lower the seizure threshold? | yes |
| Boxers are reported to have breed related sensitivity to acepromazine, how does this present? | exaggerated hypotensive response leading to possible cardiovascular collapse and death |
| What drugs are considered your "TRUE" tranquilizers?? | benzodiazepines |
| Do benzodiazepine drugs have analgesic properties? | NO |
| What are the common uses for benzodiazepine drugs?? | anti-convulsant, anti-anxiety/calming, skeletal muscle relaxation |
| What is the MOA of benzodiazepine drugs? | The limbic, thalamic, and hypothalamic levels of the CNS are depressed |
| Do benzodiazepines have a reversal agent? | yes |
| What is the reversal agent for benzodiazepine drugs? | Flumazenil |
| What drug can be used an appetite stimulant in cats? | Diazepam |
| What has been linked to cats receiving oral diazepam for several days?? | liver failure |
| under what circumstances might diazepam cause CNS excitement in a dog? | When given alone or too rapidly IV |
| Ataxia | uncoordinated gait |
| What is the MOA of Alpha-2 agonists? | they stimulate the aplpha-3 receptors in the CNS causing a decrease in the level of norepinephrine |
| What are the effects of alpha 2 agonists?? | sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, emesis, depress thermoregulatory mechanisms, peripheral vasoconstriction (may see pale MM & increased CRT), bradycardia |
| Are horse and cattle dosages of xylazine the same? Why or why not? | NO, cattle are 10x more sensitive to xylazine than horses, therefore a cows dose of xylazine would be 1/10 of that of a horse |
| What is the emetic of choice for cats? | Xylazine |
| What are the 2 reversal agents for Detomidine? | Atipamizole.& Tolazoline |
| What alpha-2 agonist is used in horses and has a longer duration than xylazine? | detomidine |
| What is the reversal agent for xylazine | yohimbine |
| What is the reversal agent for dexmetetomidine? | Atipamizole |
| How much Atipamizole would you use to reverse dexmetetomidine? | EQUAL volume |
| How are barbiturates classified? | long-acting, short-acting, ultra short-acting |
| Are barbiturates controlled substances? | yes |
| Human precaution with Alpha 2 agonists? | will absorb through MM, conjunctiva, and cuts causing CNS and cardiovascular effects |
| What happens with perivascular injection of a barbiturate? | inflammation, sloughing of the skin |
| Redistribution | after administration the drug quickly absorbs into the most vascular tissues ex brain, liver, kidneys, at the same time the less vascular tissues (ex fat and skeletal muscle) are absorbing the drug just at a slower rate, by the time the drug has absorbed |
| What is phenobarbital used for? | long term anti-convulsant therapy of idiopathic epilepsy |
| Why is blood level monitoring so important with phenobarbital? | Long term blood level monitoring is important to be sure the patient is not being under or overdosed with the phenobarbital |
| What is one long term effect of phenobarbital therapy? | long term use can cause liver failure especially at higher doses |
| How is thiobarbital classified/ | ultra short acting barbiturate |
| How is pentobarbital classified// | short acting barbiturate |
| What drug would be used for seizures caused by toxins.? | pentobarbital |
| What is the active ingredient in euthanasia solutions? | pentobarbital |
| How does pentobarbital cause death? | severely depresses the medullary respiratory and vasomotor centers in high doses |
| How are euthanasia solutions classified by the DEA | Class/schedule 3 |
| Why are other ingredients added to pentobarbital in euthanasia solutions? | for cardiovascular depression |
| Should you use euthanasia solutions in food animals (for humans or animals)? | NO |
| What are the 4 parts of the pain pathway | transduction, transmission, modulation, conscious perception |
| How can we block pain off at transduction? | local anesthetic |
| How can we block pain at transduction? | modulated w/ NMDA receptor antagonists, opioids |
| How can we block pain from general perception?? | general anesthesia |
| NMDA | N-methyl-D- aspartates |
| Spinal cord wind up | process of increasing sensitivity of the spinal cord to pain impulses |
| How can we avoid spinal cord wind up? | by pre-medicating with analgesics |
| catalepsis | muscle rigidity |
| Is ketamine a controlled substance? | yes class 3 |
| Does ketamine have any analgesic properties? | good somatic(peripheral) No visceral analgesia. |
| When is ketamine contraindicated? | in animals with suspected head trauma or elevated CSF as well as in patients with INCREASED intraocular pressure(glaucoma) or when open globe injuries are present, as ketamine will further increase the IOP |
| What is the concentration of injectable ketamine?? | 100mg/ml |
| What is kitty magic? | an alpha 2 agonist, a dissociative and an opioid |
| for a 5kg patient which drugs and in what volumes would you make kitty magic?? | dexmetetomidine 0.2cc, ketamine 0.2cc, buprenorphine 0.2cc |
| -- |
Created by:
Adeprey4311
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