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Criminology
Ch. 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| T/F: Most people are influenced by those they are surrounded by the most. | T |
| a major determinant of criminal behavior | family relationships |
| plays a critical role in determining whether people misbehave as children and later as adults | parenting |
| T/F: The children of deviant parents produce delinquent children themselves. | T |
| Peer influence on criminal behavior appears to be a _________ . | universal norm |
| Those who regularly attend religious services eschew crime and other antisocial behaviors? | T |
| Having high moral beliefs may ________ the deterrent effect of punishment by convincing even motivated offenders not to risk apprehension and punishment. | enhance |
| Theorists who believe that an individual's socialization determines the likelihood of criminality adopt what approach to human behavior? | social process |
| 3 branches of the social process approach | social learning theory, social control theory, social reaction theory (labeling theory) |
| suggests that people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close and intimate relationships with peer criminals; crime is a learned behavior | social learning theory |
| maintains that everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but that most people are controlled by their bonds to society | social control theory |
| says that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such, and they accept those labels as a personal identity | social reaction theory (labeling theory) |
| theorists that believe crime is a product of learning the norms, values, and behaviors associated with criminal activity | social learning theorists |
| one of the most prominent social learning theories by Edwin H. Sutherland | differential association theory |
| says that criminal behavior is learned and can be classified in the same manner as any other learned behavior like writing, painting, and reading | differential association theory |
| People experience what Sutherland calls __________ when they are exposed to different and opposing attitudes toward what is right or wrong, moral and immoral. | culture conflict |
| T/F: Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. | T |
| The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all of the __________ involved in any other learning process. | mechanisms |
| What is an expression of general needs and values, but it is not excused by those general needs and values because noncriminal behavior is also an expression of those same needs and values? | criminal behavior |
| Differential association theory holds that people learn criminal behaviors at what age from close and trusted friends and relatives? | adolescents |
| 3 core principles of differential association theory | having deviant parents and friends, holding deviant attitudes, committing deviant acts |
| it provides a consistent explanation of all types of delinquent and criminal behavior | differential association theory |
| an another attempt to explain crime as a type of learned behavior; first proposed by Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess in 1966 | differential reinforcement theory |
| occurs when behavior is reinforced by being either rewarding or punishing while interacting with others | differential reinforcement theory |
| According to Akers, people learn to evaluate their own behavior through their ________ with significant others and groups in their lives. | interactions |
| T/F: The important groups are the ones with which a person is in differential association- peer and friendship groups. | T |
| The deviant behavior, originally executed by imitating someone else's behavior, is sustained by what? | social support |
| In Akers' testing differential reinforcement, he found that those who believed they would be _______ for deviance by those they respected were the ones most likely to engage in deviant behavior. | rewarded |
| identified with the writings of Matza and Sykes; they view the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential delinquents & criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance conventional values and drift | neutralization theory |
| are morally tinged influences that have become entrenched in the culture but are publicly condemned | subterranean values |
| 5 patterns of neutralization | deny responsibility, deny injury, deny the victim, condemn condemners, appeal to higher loyalties |
| theory that is a major contribution to the literature of crime and delinquency | neutralization |
| maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activites | social control theories |
| produce weak self-concept and poor self-esteem, rendering kids at risk to crime | maladaptive social relations |
| theory in which theorist Walter Reckless argued that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment | containment theory |
| 4 main elements of the social bond | attachment, commitment, involvement, belief |
| refers to a person's sensitivity to and interest in others | attachment |
| involves the time, energy, and effort expended in conventional lines of action, such as getting an education and saving money for the future | commitment |
| Heavy _______ in conventional activities leaves little time for illegal behavior | involvement |
| Hirschi's data lent important support to the validity of _________ . | control theory |
| theory that holds that people communicate via symbols that stand for or represent something else | symbolic interaction theory |
| People interpret symbolic gestures from others and incorporate them in their ________ . | self-image |
| theory which argues that such crimes as murder, rape, and assault are only bad or evil because people label them as such | social reaction theory |
| Becker refers to people who create rules as what? | moral entrepreneurs |
| involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten | primary deviance |
| occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label | secondary deviance |
| Secondary deviance produces a deviance ________ effect and become firmly locked within their deviant role? | amplification |
| has been used to signify that police suspicion is often directed at minority group MALES | racial profiling |
| 3 branches of social process theory which are compatible because they suggest that criminal behavior is part of the socialization process | social learning, social control, social reaction |
| shape the behavior, beliefs, values, and self-image of the offender | social interactions |
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