How does a hormone qualify as a long-distance signaling example?

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Question	Answer
What is a signal transduction pathway?	Signal on cell’s surface that’s converted to a specific cellular response
How does yeast mating serve as an example of a signal transduction pathway?
How does a hormone qualify as a long-distance signaling example?	Hormones can travel to any part of the body via the circulatory system.
How do immune cells and neurons exhibit local signaling?
reception	Detection of signaling molecule
transduction	Signal converted to form that can bring about a specific cellular response.
response	transduced signal triggers specific response
ligand	Molecule that specifically binds to another, usually bigger molecule.
G protein-coupled receptor
G Protein
GDP
What is the difference between a first messenger and a second messenger?	First messenger is the ligand, second messenger is any small, non-protein components of a signal transduction pathway.
What is the role of cAMP?	cAMP activates protein kinase A, which causes a cellular response.
What happens to the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium when it is used as a second messenger?	it increase
When cell signaling causes a response in the cytoplasm, what normally happens?	Regulation of activity of proteins.
What specifically happens to a cell during the process of apoptosis?	DNA chopped up, cell shrinks, lobes up, vesicles form, digestion by scavenger cells.
How do scaffolding proteins enhance a cellular response?	Enhancement of speed and accuracy because the rate of response is no longer limited by rate of diffusion.
What are two benefits of multistep pathways?	Amplification of signal, and better regulation.
What is the role of protein kinase?	Transfer phosphate groups from ATP to proteins.
What is the role of protein phosphatases?	Remove phosphate groups from proteins.
When cell signaling causes a response in the nucleus, what normally happens?	Proteins become transcription factors, certain genes are chosen, these are then transcribed.
When cell signaling causes a response in the cytoplasm, what normally happens?	Regulation of activity of proteins.
How do scaffolding proteins enhance a cellular response?	Enhancement of speed and accuracy because the rate of response is no longer limited by rate of diffusion.

Created by: sanoe2017

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