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C16-John's
Fundamentals of Information Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Information System (IS) | The intergration of several elements of a business process to effect a specific outcomeINPUT>>>OUTPUT |
| Information System Components | IS consists of DATA, PEOPLE, and WORK PROCESS and a combination of HARDWARE,SOFTWARE,COMMUNICATIONS TECH. and IT. |
| DATA (IS components) | raw facts(input), are provided to the IS by end users. IS refines them into meaningful info. |
| PEOPLE (IS components) | users work w/the IS to accomplish a variety of tasks. ex.users like MD's,RN's,Health data managers,techs,therapists etc... |
| WORK PROCESS | processes are the policies & procedures that users must follow to do their work. ex:assign ICD code to a diagnosis (process). A coding encoder automates many procedures used to assign an ICD code #. |
| IS Activities | input, processing, output, storage, controlling. |
| input (IS activities) | accepting input (ex:a pt's identification, temp.,blood pressure, and heart rate) |
| processing (IS activities) | processing the input, can include performing caculations, making comparisons, or selecting alternative actions. |
| output (IS activities) | producing meanigful output. ex:providing a report of a patient's vital signs. other ex: MPI or a census. |
| storage (IS activities) | input+output=storage, IS performs storage & control activities. ex:EHR, the computer would store a pt's physical exam on specific storage media such as a hard disk. |
| control (IS activities) | control its own performance, ex: a hosp. administrator might discover that the daily census output does not add up to the correct monthly census. This may indicate that data-entry or data-processing procedures need to be corrected. |
| What is the difference between data & information? | Data represent raw facts and figures, & information represents the meaningful interpretation of data. |
| What are the components of an information system (IS)? | Data, people, and processes & a combination of hardware, software and communication technology. |
| What is an information system? | The intergration of several elements in a bussiness process to effect a specific outcome. |
| Types of Information Systems (IS) | decision support systems (DDS); Operation Support Systems;Transaction-Processing System; Enterprise Collaboration Systems;Enterprise-Wide System. |
| decision support (DDS) | ex: physicians use specialized computer systems to help them make important decisions about the care of pt's. |
| management Information systems | HIM departments use this type of computer system to manage budgets,create work schedules, perform employee evaluation, etc... |
| Operation Support Systems | to efficiently process business tracations, support communication and collaboration among business units, and update business databases.ex:R-ADT (registration,admission,discharge, & transfer. |
| Transaction-Processing System (TPS) | A TPS manages the different kinds of transactions that occur in a healthcare facility.ex: of an Operation Support Systems, |
| Enterprise Collaboration Systems | enhance teamwork and are sometimes called office automation systems. ex:videoconferecing;e-mail. |
| Enterprise-wide system | large IS that manages data for an entire healthcare business. ex:PeopleSoft is a product that allows an organization to perfomr activities such as:HR management,Financial manag.;supply chain planning,sales & logistics. |
| Management Support Information Systems | management information systems(MIS),decision support systems(DSS),executive information systems(EIS) |
| Management Information System | MIS is supported by TPS,to help middle managers make decisions about their dept.'s objectives. |
| Decisions Support System (DSS) | provide information to help users make accurate decisions. ex:Clinical DSS is a specialty type of DSS that helps a provider make decisions about patients care. |
| Executive Information Systems (EIS) | is an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers. These databases allow senior executives to project trends in the healthcare organization's services using what if scenarios. |
| knowledge management systems (KMS) | more recent type of information system that has the potential to increase work effectivness. ex:Internet or an extranet. |
| SDLC (The system developement life cycle) | is the traditional way to plan and implement an IS in an organization. |
| FOUR MAJOR PHASE OF THE CYCLE | Planning & analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. |
| Planning & Analysis Phase (SDLC) | involves performing a systems analysis.HIM professionals are involved in this process. HIT professionals will be involved as an end user who identify necessary functions of a new or existing IS. |
| System analysts collect information project | 1-do research and make site visits 2-conducting a joint application developement JAD session is a valuable technique used to identify the goals, objectives, and required functions of a proposed IS. 3-trained facilitator conducts the JAD. |
| Sequence Diagram or table | is a tool the systems analyst can use to document the interaction between the actor & the system. |
| The systems developement life cycle (SDLC) | is the traditional way to plan and implement an IS |
| The first phase of the SDLC is the _____ phase | Planning and analysis |
| End-user requirements are identified in the _____ phase of the SDLC. | Planning and analysis |
| The method(s) used to identify requirements for a proposed IS is (are) ________. | coducting site visits,coducting a JAD, developing a prototype. |
| Testing the new IS system is part of the _____ phase. | Implementation |
| computer software | set of instructions |
| supercomputers | fastest and highest-capcity machines built today. ex:used in large-scale activities such as weather forecasting and mathematical research. |
| mainframe systems | they perform millions of instructions per second, and hundreds of users can be connected at the same time. |
| midrange systems | 2types 1-minicomputers (can support up to 4,0000 connected users at the same time via terminals consisting of a keyboard & a video screen.2-workstation (desktop computer used mainly by power users such as graphics specialists for multimedia production. |
| microcomputers | also called personal computers(PCs)comes in a variety of sizes including,laptop,palmtop, and pen-based. They can be used as a stand alone or be connected to a network. |
| web appliances | used in conjunction w/the internet. |
| Computer Peripherals | the different pieces of hardware that are connected to central processing units (CPUs) to make them more functional and user-friendly. |
| 5 Basic Computer Functions (computer peripherals) | input,processing and memory,output,storage, and communications. |
| Input devices | Includes keyboards;microphones;scanners;pointing devices such as "mice"trackballs,light pens, and intellegent tablets;sensors;and biometrics. |
| output devices | include printers,monitors, and speakers. |
| storage devices | secondary storage devices include a floppy disk drive,a hard disk drive,magnetic tape,and an optical disk drive. |
| communication devices | are used to assist communications among different computers. ex:ISDN (intergrated services digital network>transmit thru copper wire,ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line>> functions on standard telepone lines. |
| Trends In Technology | computer software(two types:system & application);system software;operating system;utility programs;language translator;machine language. |
| computer peripherals such as mouses,printers, & monitors control the computer's operating system. | False |
| common utility programs include virus checkers, backup, and recovery. | True |
| An interpreter program must look at an entire program before beginning its translation into machine language. | False |
| DOS stands for disk operating standard | False |
| The user communicates with the computer through an interface (windows, for example) | True |
| Machine languages use a standard set of abbreviations to replace some of the ones and zeros used in assembly language | False |
| The increasing use of wireless technology is one of the hottest technology trends today. | True |
| Artificial intelligence is one type of natural programming language. | False |
| Education and reference software is one category of application software. | True |
| The three basic pieces of system software are the operating system, the language translator, and the utility program. | True |
| Database Management | Most critical resource in healthcare is patient data. Most important functions of any healtcare IS involve being able to create,modify,delete, and view patient data. |
| database | is an organized collection of data saved as a binary-type file on a computer. users cannot read a binary-type file b/c it contains only ones and zeros. ex:database management systems:oracle,SQL Server,Sybase, and Access. |
| DATAbase Approach | Relational database,object-orieted databases, and object-relational databases. |
| Relational Database | stores data in predefined tables that contain rows & columns similar to a spreadsheet.ex:currency,real numbers,integers, and strings(characters of data) |
| Object-oriented database | stores object of data>object is a descrete or abstract thing such as a car or a line at the grocery store. can model relational data or advance data types such as graphic,movies,& audio. |
| Object-relational database | combines the best of the relational & object-orientate databases. it uses both tranditional data types and advance data types. |
| Relational database (database activities) | store data in tables consisting of rows and colums;reduce redundancy in tables(if a table were created in Excel,some data would be duplicated);retrieve & store data in tables using SQL to insert,update,delete,& query data;provide a level of security. |
| TABLE | two-dimensional structure made up of rows & columns. |
| column/field | is a basic fact such as LAST_NAME,FIRST_NAME,DOB,RACE row in the PATIENTS table is:Smith,Keith, 2/13/70,white. |
| key field | uniquely identifies each row in a table,two types:1-Primary Key-ensure that each row in a table is unique-does not change in value.2-foreign key-is a column of one table that corresponds to a primary key in another table. |
| data dictionary | is the equivalent of a detailed road map of the database. |
| Database management systems (DBMSs)(Databases and client Server computing) | fall into two categories: a personal DBMS,which runs on a client; and a server-base DBMS, which runs on a server. |
| Personal DBMS | used for small projects such as storing contact information.ex: personal address book. |
| Server-Base DBMS(runs faster than the personal DBMS) | database management systems runs on a server computer. It also runs as a separate application from a personal system. |
| Data Warehouses | provide organizations w/the ability to access data from multiple databases & to combine the results into a single question-and-reporting interface. |
| Telecomunication (role of Telecommunications) | is the term used to describe voice and data communications w/in an organization. It is fast becoming a central & critical aspect of any healthcare organziation. |
| Network Fundamentals | to understand the nature of a computer network, it is important to first understand the nature of communications systems. |
| Transmiter (network fundamentals) | is the device that send information. |
| Reciever (network fundamentals) | is the device that recieves information. |
| Medium (network fundamentals) | is the mechanism that connects the transmitter to the receiver. ex:twisted-pair cable commonly used to connect workstations in an office building. |
| Data (network fundamentals) | create the message that is transferred from the transmitter to the reciever as electrical pulses. |
| Telephone (network fundamentals) | common communications system is the telephone. handset acts as both transmitter & reciever. Cable and telephone wires that connect one telephone to another are the media. voice signals, such as words and other sounds, are the data. |
| Clients (network computers) | are computers that access shared resources. |
| servers (network computers) | are computers that share resources such as printers or hard-disk space across the network. |
| Intranet | type of network that works as a private Internet. |
| World Wide Web | system of Internet servers that supports specially formatted documents. |
| Extranet | type of network that allows the networks of separate organizations to communicate with one another. |
| LAN(local area network) | Computer network that connects devices in a small geographical area. |
| WAN (wide area network) | computer network that connects devices across a large geographical area. |
| Data warehous | storage device for multiple database that can be accessed via a single question-and-report interface. |
| Clients | computers that are used to access shared resources in a network. |
| Telecommunications | term used to describe a system of voice and data transmission. |
| Relational Database | type of database that stores data in predefined tables made up of rows and columns. |
| Data dictionary | description of the structure of a specific database. |
| e-commerce | electronic commerce: ex:WebMD,CVS.com |
| Planning Phase (structure of the organization) | the type of planning needed ensures that the organization's overall vision, IT priorities, dollars, and resources are in line. |
| Evaluate Organizational Readiness | Process;user acceptance;technology infrastructure. |
| Amatayakul(identify barrier to change) | lack of cross-organizational commitment;deliverable complexity(more complex=failure);Environmental complexity(transformation will not happen overnite.);unrealistic expectations. |
| Establish Policies & Procedures | Identification,authentication, & certification:use of hardware tokens,personal ID # 2-authorization 3-tracking,detection,& monitoring 4-management or measurements systems 5-Disaster prep & recovery 6-physical security(theft and damage) |
| Acquistion Phase | after the organization has established goals & specific requirements, it can search for vendors that match their requirements. |
| Network Protocol | enable computers on the network to communicate w/each other. They have to use the same lanuage. |
| Change management should be part of the process of planning the implementation of new information technology. | True |
| Most physicians are very receptive to changes in technology that affect the way they practice medicine. | False |
| Three main factors affect the acceptance of change:deliverable complexity, and cross-organizational commitment. | False |
| It would be a mistake for an organization to focus on using technology w/o 1st analyzing its business & clinical needs. | True |
| Nicholas E. Davis developed a set of criteria that can be applied univerally to any IS project. | Falsecorrect answear: Amatayakul |
| After creating the use cases of the subsystems analyst needs to create a requirement document containg the use cases,schedule, and budget for the system. | phase 1 of the SDLC:system design,logical design consists of an UML,class diagram for the Network.nxt.determine the business rules for the pt. survey class,nxt.object model to be translated into the logical data model for the database structure. |
| After the logical and physical data models & screen prototypes are complete | Implementation/maintenance phase, the coding begins, testing takes place, and deployment occurs. |
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