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Unit 4: AP Bio
Chapters 50,51,52,53,54,55
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two types of factors that affect an organism in their environment? | abiotic and biotic components |
| Abiotic components include... | all the nonliving chemicals and physical factors- such as temp, light, and water |
| This aspect of ecology deals with factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area. | population ecology |
| How an organism deals with challenges posed by their biotic and abiotic environments would be studied in... | organismal ecology |
| Which type of ecology would answer this question: What processes recycle vital chemical elements such as nitrogen? | Ecosystem ecology |
| This type of ecology deals with the whole array of interacting species. | community ecology |
| What does a seascape or landscape consist of? | several different ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms |
| "Look before you leap" is an example of the... | precautionary principle |
| What is studied in biogeography? | the past and present distribution of individual species |
| The critical process for understanding both geographic isolation in evolution and the broad patterns of current geographic distributions. | dispersal |
| How are ecological time and evolutionary time related? | Events that occur in ecological time affect life on the scale of evolutionary time |
| How can transplanted species affect their new habitat? | They can disrupt the ecosystem, even causing the extinction of native species. |
| What biotic factors affect the distribution of organisms? | predation, competition, behavior and habitat selection- species may only use part of the whole habitat it could survive in |
| What climatic factors affect the distribution of organisms? | temp and water |
| What biome occupies the largest part of the biosphere? | aquatic biomes |
| How are aquatic biomes stratified vertically? | light penetration, temp, and communities of organisms |
| What are the terms for vertical stratification in aquatic biomes regarding light? | photic-photosynthesis aphotic- little light penetrates |
| What are the three ways to classify lakes regarding to nutrient content? | oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic |
| What is an estuary? | a zone where a river or stream enters the ocean; it is marked by fluctuations in salinity |
| What are the three oceanic zones? | intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones |
| Coral reefs are found in the warm, nutrient waters of the... | neritic zone |
| Photosynthetic plankton in the photic region of the pelagic zone are the... | primary food source for the rest of the community |
| Where can detritus be found? | Benthic or bottom community |
| What determines different biomes near the equator where photoperiod and temp are nearly constant? | amount and pattern of rainfall, tropical rain forest or savanna |
| This biome consists of dry scrubland where winters are mild and rainy and summers are hot and dry. | chaparral |
| What biome is successful even with periodic fires? | temperate grasslands |
| What is the largest terrestrial biome? | taiga, long, cold, snowy winters and short summers |
| What are proximate and ultimate questions? | Proximate- environmental stimuli, genetic and physiological influences Ultimate- evolutionary significance |
| How is the nature vs. nurture issue approached in biology? | Not about either/or, It is about how both genes and environment influence development |
| What behavior is developmentally fixed? | innate behavior |
| A sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable. | fixed action pattern |
| What is behavioral ecology? | research field that views behavior as an evolutionary adaptation to the natural ecological conditions |
| The view that foraging is a compromise between feeding costs and feeding benefits. | Optimal foraging theory |
| How does learning modify behavior? | it is experience based |
| What is habituation? | loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli |
| What kind of learning is limited to a sensitive period? | imprinting |
| The ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use info. | cognition |
| What is a cognitive map? | internal representation of the spatial relationships among objects in their surroundings |
| Sociobiology deals with social behavior but also wants to find the history behind it or... | evolutionary context |
| This type of behavior involves a contest and the winner gains a resource or mate. | agnostic behavior |
| What are courtship functions purpose? | identify that 2 individuals are of the same species and ready to mate |
| During courtship, a male must display his... | genetic quality |
| What are the different mating systems? | promiscuous, monogamous, polygynous, or polygamous |
| What kind of behavior is altruism? | non-selfish behavior |
| Animals complete altruistic acts for those individuals who they share genes with. What is this an example of? | inclusive fitness or kin selection |
| What are two important characteristics of a population? | density and spacing of individuals |
| What are the three types of dispersion? | clumped, uniform, and random |
| The study of factors that affect the growth and decline of populations. | demography |
| What is the basic equation to assess whether a population is growing or shrinking? | Births - deaths |
| What do life tables display? | the age-specific mortality schedule for cohorts in populations |
| In what type of life history do organisms reproduce a single time and then die? | big-bang or semelparous, Repeat or iteroparous organisms breed several times |
| What model of population growth describes an idealized population in an unlimited environment? | exponential model |
| What carrying capacity curve do most scientists agree with for human population? | S-shaped curve |
| What is density-dependent selection called? | k-selection |
| What prevents unlimited population growth when population is near carrying capacity? | Negative feedback |
| What type of cycle do hares regularly have? | boom and bust cycles |
| When did human population begin growing exponentially? | Industrial Revolution |
| What does the age structure of a population effect? | societal needs |
| What is an ecological footprint? | amount of hectares of land a person or nation consumes |
| This hypothesis proposes that communities are chance assemblages of independently distributed species with the same abiotic requirements. | individualistic |
| What does the rivet model suggest? | all the species in a community are linked together in a tight web of interactions Redundancy- not as tight, if a species is lost, another will fill the gap |
| What is the ecological niche? | The total of the organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment |
| What principle suggests that two species cannot coexist if their niches are identical? | competitive exclusion principle |
| What type of symbiotic interaction causes one species to benefit and one species to not be affected? | commensalism |
| The total energy input limits the length of the... | food chains |
| What type of species are relatively rare that exert a disproportionate influence on community structure? | keystone species |
| What is the difference between the bottom-up model and the top-down model? | B-U: nutrients and producers are dominant in community structure T-D: Control comes from trophic level above |
| Why are most communities in a state of nonequilibrium? | disturbances, mostly from humans |
| What is the type of ecological succession that begins with no soil? | primary succession |
| What is the measure of biodiversity? | species richness |
| Where is species richness the greatest? | in the tropics |
| An island 50m from the mainland and an island 20m from the mainland. Which one will have higher species richness? | 20m away island |
| What passes from primary producers to primary consumers and then to secondary consumers? | energy and nutrients |
| How do energy and nutrients move in an ecosystem? | Energy flows and nutrients cycle |
| How are essential chemical elements recycled? | detritivores decompose elements to recycle them |
| What is net primary production? | the energy accumulated in autotroph biomass |
| What factor most limits primary production in the photic zone? | a nutrient, such as nitrogen |
| What limits primary production in terrestrial ecosystems? | temp, nutrients, moisture, more locally- soil nutrients |
| The energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than... | 20% |
| What is the green world hypothesis? | herbivores consume a small percentage of vegetation-they are kept in check |
| How is the water cycle kept in motion? | solar energy |
| What controls the carbon cycle? | processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
| This element enters ecosystems by atmospheric deposition and by prokaryotes. | nitrogen |
| The phosphorus cycle mainly occurs on a more... | localized scale, phosphorus doesn't enter the atmosphere |
| How are humans disrupting chemical cycles? | fertilizer |
| What is the main cause of acid precipitation? | combustion of fossil fuels |
| What property explains how toxins become magnified as they go up in trophic levels? | biological magnification |
| What is the greenhouse effect? | Global warming caused by excess CO2 in the atmosphere |
| What are the effects of ozone depletion? | more harmful UV radiation hits the earth |
| What are the three levels of biodiversity? | genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity |
| Why is biodiversity so important? | Provide humans with food, fiber and medicines and other extremely important ecosystem services |
| What is the greatest threat to biodiversity? | alteration of habitat |
| If a species loses genetic variation, what happens? | it can be trapped in a vortex of decline that leads to extinction |
| What does the declining-population approach seek to do? | identify the cause of a populations decline and develop ways to stop the decline |
| The boundaries between ecosystems and along prominent features within ecosystems that have unique physical conditions and species. | edges and corridors |
| What are hot spots? | Areas with high concentrations of endemic species, or rare species |
| What is the zoned reserve model? | An area of protected habitat surrounded by another protected area and then human habitat |
| What uses bioremediation and what is it? | Restoration ecology and it is the use of organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems |
| What is the goal of sustainable development? | To allow biodiversity along with human development, living with nature |
| The future of the biosphere may depend on our biophilia, which is... | our innate sense of connection to nature |
Created by:
hboatright
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