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The ______, scattered throughout the brain stem, allow us to filter out important sensory information such as background noises.
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A(n) _____ is a recording of the brain's electrical activity.
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Anatomy; The CNS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ______, scattered throughout the brain stem, allow us to filter out important sensory information such as background noises. | Reticular formation |
| A(n) _____ is a recording of the brain's electrical activity. | EEG or electroencephalogram |
| Alpha and beta brainwaves occur ______, while theta waves are more common in _____. | primarily in alert adults; children |
| Delta waves occur _____. | during deep sleep |
| During _____ sleep, skeletal muscle movement is inhibited and most dreams occur. | REM |
| During _____ sleep, the brain wave patterns mimic wakefulness. | REM |
| The type of memory that allows us to complete actions without committing them to permanent memory is called _____ or ____memory. | short-term, working |
| In order for a memory to become permanent, it must be _____ | associated with pre-existing memories |
| Memories of specific words, associations, or facts are classified as ____ or ____ memories. | factual, declarative (or explicit) |
| Riding a bike or roller skating are examples of ____ or _____ memory. | skill, procedural |
| Damage to the ____ will prevent the acquisition of new declarative memories. | limbic system |
| Procedural memory is mediated by the _____, one of the basal nuclei. | corpus striatum |
| Two changes that occur at the cellular level in the formation of new memories are the formation of new _____, or changes in the strength of the _____. | synapses, response at existing synapses |
| The addition of extra neurotransmitter receptors at an existing synapse during the formation of a memory to make the synapse more responsive to brief signal is an example of_____. | long-term potentiation |
| The _____ are a set of three connective tissue membranes that surround the CNS. | meninges |
| The tough, fibrous, double-layered, outermost meninx is the ____. | dura mater |
| The separation between the cerebral hemispheres is reinforced by an extension of the dura mater called the _____: anterior, it is attached to the crista galli of the skill, and so helps to hold the brain in position. | falx cerebri |
| The _____ are tubes that are formed between the two layers of the dura mater through which venous blood flows. | dural sinuses |
| The ____ is the middle meninx. | arachnoid mater |
| The _____ is the innermost meninx: it clings tightly to the surface of the brain, even in the sulci | pia mater |
| The wide cerebrospinal fluid containing space is between the ____ mater and the pia mater and is called the ____ space. | arachnoid, sub-arachnoid |
| ____fills the ventricles and surrounds the brain and spinal cord, acting as a shock absorbed, distributing nutritive materials, removing wastes, and providing a chemically stable environment. | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| The cells of the capillaries in the brain are unusual in that they are_____. | joined by tight junctions |
| Capillaries in the brain are much less ____ than capillaries elsewhere in the body. | permeable |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in regions within the ventricles called _____ by ______ cells. | choroid plexuses; ependymal |
| After the CSF is formed, it circulated from the lateral ventricles to the third and fourth ventricles, and from there to the ____ and central canal of the spinal cord. | sub-arachnoid spacce |
| After circulation the CSF returns to the blood by passing through the ____, which are cluster of the arachnoid mater which project into the dural sinuses and act as one-way valves. | arachnoid granulations |
| Impaired blood circulation to the brain due to a blocked of broken vessel is known as a ____, _____ or ______. | cerebrovascular accident; stroke, brain attack |
| (True/False) Most of the neuronal death due to a stroke occurs several minutes or even hours after the stroke begins, allowing time for emergency treatment to have a major effect. | True |
| An abnormal build up of beta-amyloid protein fragments in the regions surrounding neurons, and of neurofibrillary tangles in the cytoplasm of pyramidal neurons and in that of neurons whose axons connect with them, are the causes of neuronal death in ___. | Alzheimer's Disease |
| In the elderly, drug reactions, poor circulation, or disease, ll of which may be curable, can mimic the dementia caused by ____, which is not. | Alzheimer's Disease |
| In Huntington's Disease, damage to the caudate nucleus, one of the basal nuclei, caused by an abnormal protein leads to ____ and eventually to death. | chorea (or involuntary spastic movements) |
| Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantial nigra leads to tremor, muscular rigidity, slow movement and postural instability in _____. | Parkinson's Disease |
| The ____ is formed of paired strips of cells arising from the ectoderm at the margin of the neural tube. | neural crest |
| The spinal cord itself is formed from the ____, and the dorsal root ganglia are formed from the____. | neural tube, neural crest |
| The spinal cord extends from the ____ to the ____; below L1 it branches to from thee ____. | skull; L1 vertebra cauda equina |
| In addition to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is protected by the ____ and ____. | meninges; CSF |
| In the inferior regions, there is a gap between the ____ and the ___ into which anesthetics are often introduced (epidural-upon the dural) | dura mater; vertebrae |
| The butterfly-shaped central core of gray matter in the spinal cord can be divided into three regions. The ___ contains the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons | anterior horn |
| The butterfly shaped central core of gray matter in the spinal cord can be divided into three regions. The ___ contains the cell bodies of the autonomic motor neurons and is preset only in the thoracic and upper lumbar. | lateral horn |
| The butterfly-shaped central core of gray matter in the spinal cord can be divided into three regions. The ____ contains interneurons. | Posterior horn |
| The axons of the neurons from the ____ and ____ horns emerge together as the ventral roots. | lateral, anterior |
| The ____ are formed from the cell bodies of sensory neurons whose axons branch to extend inward to the spinal cord and outward to the body. | dorsal root ganglia |
| ____ are white-matter columns consisting of the myelinated axons of neurons associated with the spinal cord. | Funiculi |
| The neuronal cell bodies for the ascending pathways of the spinal cord itself are found in the ___ or ____. | dorsal horn, dorsal root ganglion |
| Neurons in the ____ have axons which extend from the receptor to the spinal cord, or in some cases all the way to the brain. | dorsal root ganglion |
| Neurons of the dorsal horn receive signals from those in the _____. Their own axons extend to reach neurons in the brain stem, diencephalon. | dorsal root ganglion |
| Detailed information concerning position, vibration, or fine touch are transmitted by the ____ pathway of the somatosensory tracts of the spinal cord. This pathway is located in the ____. | specific ascending, posterior funiculus |
| Information regarding crude touch, temperature, pressure, and pain is carried through the ____ pathway of the somatosensory tracts of the spinal cord. | non-specific ascending |
| Messages carried in the specific and non-specific ascending pathways ultimately reach the somatosensory cortex on ___ the sensor. | The side of the body opposite to |
| Impulses from the trunk and lower limb regarding position and movement are carried through the ___ pathway of the somatisensory tracts of the spinal cord. This pathway is located in the ___. | spinocerebellar, lateral funiculi |
| Messages carried in the spinocerebellar pathways ultimately reach the cerebellum on ___ the sensor. | the same side of the body as |
| Signals from the pyramid cells in the motor cortex to the spinal cord are carried by the ___, one of the two motor tracts of the spinal cord. | direct system |
| Signals controlling automatic movements such as those needed to maintain balance are carried by the ____ system, one of the two motor tracts of the spinal cord. | indirect |
| The motor tracts of the spinal cord are located in the ____. | lateral and anterior funiculi |
| Damage to the ___ of the spinal cord prevents nerve impulses from reaching the muscle and causes the muscles to remain limp, a condition called ___ paralysis. | anterior horn neurons, flaccid |
| Damage to the ___ in the brain causes the muscles to contract involuntarily and somewhat at random, a condition called ___ paralysis. | primary motor cortex; spastic |
| Because injuries to the anterior spinal cord are nearly always accompanied by injuries to the ___, flaccid paralysis is often accompanied by ____. | posterior spinal cord, numbness |
| Long term paralysis results in irreversible deterioration of the ____. | muscle |
| In ____, a contract dye is injected into one or more arteries to make them visible in X-rays. | angiography |
| ____ tests are used to verify that the spinal cord and brain are functioning properly. | Reflex |
| In ____, multiple X-rays, taken from many angles, are combined by computer into a 3D image | CAT scans |
| In ____, radio waves are used to produce detailed images which include soft tisues | MRI |
| In____, metabolism by each tissue is measured by passing the patient through a circular scanner after he or she has been given a small amount of the radioactive chemical. | PET scans |
| Conventional diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease required two or three years, while newer techniques such as ___ may provide a rapid and unambiguous diagnosis. | PET scans |
| Drugs, radiation, infections, and malnutrition are particularly dangerous while a woman is pregnant because they can alter___. | CNS development |
| In the elderly, blood pressure abnormalities, poor circulation, poor nutrition, prolonged inactivity and drug interactions can all induce___. | reversible senility |
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