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Food & Fiber
Quiz Review #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does Artiodoctyla mean? | Even toed |
| What Genus are cattle? | Bos |
| What does Bovidae mean? | It is a formal name for cattle, bison, buffalo |
| what species are domestic cattle? | Bos taurus |
| What species are zebu cattle? | Bos indicus |
| Devine Calf | young bovine of either gender |
| Define Heifer | Female old enough to breed, but has not calved |
| Define Cow | mature female that has calved |
| Define Bull | mature male used for breeding |
| Define steer | castrated male |
| Define Dam | mother of calf |
| Define sire | father of calf |
| Define Open | not pregnant |
| Define Dry | A cow that is not lactating |
| Define Wet | A cow that is lactating |
| What does freshen | It's the beginning of lactation after calving |
| Define calving interval: | time between successive calvings |
| What is the dental formula for Adult cattle: | 2(0/3, 01, 3/3)=20 |
| What is the dental formula for Adolescent cattle: | 2(0/3,01, 3/3, 3/3)=32 |
| What is the difference between Dairy and Beef cattle body styles: | Beef are bulkier in build and Dairy cows are leaner with larger udders |
| What is different about a cow's dental formula? | Cows have a dental pad |
| What is the "true" stomach of the cow? | Abomasum |
| What is the reticulum? | Smallest most cranial compartment of the three forestomachs, separated from from the rumen by the ruminoreticular fold, |
| Where does Fermentative Digestion occur? | Rumen |
| What is the smallest compartment of the forestomachs of ruminents? | Reticulum |
| Which compartment of the forestomachs of a ruminent is most cranial? | Reticulum |
| What is the goal of the microbes in a ruminent stomach? | to break down carbohydrates into peptides which are converted into amonia which they live on |
| The omasum is often called what? | the canonball |
| Why is the omasum often called the the canonball? | because it's a solid ball of muscles |
| When cud gets regurgitated where does it comes from | Rumen |
| Which compartment is a big part of water absorption? | Omasum |
| What is important to remember about the gastric system of calves? | it functions primarily as a monogastric digestive system? |
| Which compartments are nonfunctional at birth? | the rumen and reticulum |
| Why are the rumen and reticulum nonfunctional at birth? | because they are primarily digesting milk |
| What do we give to cows to prevent hardware disease | magnets |
| What is the formal name for hardware disease? | traumatic reticulitis |
| Why don't you want to give two magnets to a cow? | If you give to magnets together they can get stuck together and pinch off a part of the stomach or intestine and then that can necrosis. |
| What does food get coated with in the reticulum? | sodium bicarbonate |
| What are cows fed in the Dairy vs the Beef industry? | Dairy are fed hay or silage for roughage along with grain and supplements. Beef pasture fed until they go to a feedlot where they move onto the grain and roughages |
| What is the difference between when the calves are removed from their mothers in the Dairy vs the Beef industry? | Dairy calves are removed from the mother 24 hrs after birth and fed colostrum for 2 days and then formula and in the Beef industry calves are allowed to run free with the mother until 6 mos of age. |
| What are the two types of "classic" ear tags? | Plastic, Smaller metal tags |
| What are the pros of ear tags? | Easy to see from a distance |
| What is the disadvantage of ear tags? | fade over time so you want a more permanent making process |
| If you want your cow registered with a breed registry what must be true about the tattoo? | It has to be done before they leave individual housing |
| Why is hot branding becoming less popular? | because it damages the hide |
| Is branding typically used for Dairy or Beef and why? | Beef, because you can see it from a distance |
| What is true about the pain involved with Freeze branding vs Heat branding? | More Humane(Less painful, pain doesn't persist), less prone to infection |
| What style of housing do you use if you have 100 or more cows? | Free-Stall Housing |
| What is Free-Stall Housing | Cows can move from the resting, eating, and milking areas |
| What is Pen Housing? | Animals are grouped based on production level, separated area for feed/water, but they cows move freely and lay down where they choose |
| What is Stanchion or Tie Stall Housing | Animals are restrained by yolks around their necks. They can move their heads side to side, lay down and stand up, but stay in that same place their whole lives |
| When you are milking the cow why is it important to have a very clean space for the COW? | You open up those sphincters and it takes a little time for them to close back up which means that bacteria would have an easier time getting in which can lead to mastitis |
| What is the feeding process for Beef cattle? | Open-range pasture feeding. If the pasture or range is poor quality cattle will be supplemented with hay or silage, calves run with the dam until weaning at 6 mos old, then they are moved to a feedlot ofr finishing |
| What is creep feeding | it's fed in a trough that calves can get to, but adult cattle cannot |
| What is "finishing"? | high energy and high protein diet to increase the yield and quality of the carcass |
| How long does a dairy cow "dry off"? | The last 2 months of gestation |
| What are the two ways we make sure we are meeting the needs of dairy cow? | TMR (Total Mixed Ration) and Forage and grain diet |
| What is TMR? | Total Mixed Ration: all nutrients are calculated based on production level; then the components are weighted and mixed together into a complete ration |
| What is a Forage and grain diet? | hay is provided free choice at all times, silage is fed once/twice daily and grain rations are fed twice daily |
| The cost of feed makes up what percent of the total cost of milk production? | 50% |
| What do we limit fat to in the diet of a dairy cow? | 5-6% |
| What is the protein requirements for a diary cow | 12% to 18% |
| During the first week of life what type of diet do we start dairy calves (replacement heifers) on? | Start diet which contains 18% protein +/- hay, rumen development starts in about 2 weeks |
| When are calves weened? | 4-6 weeks or when they are consuming 1-2 lbs of starter diet/day |
| What is another name for a reef knot? | Square knot |
| What does Bovine refer to? | Cattle |
| What does Caprine refer to? | Goats |
| What does Ovine refer to? | Sheep |
| What does Porcine refer to? | Pigs |
| What does Camelids refer to? | Llamas, Alpacas |
| What does Poultry refer to? | Foul, chickens, ducks, etc |
| As opposed to small animals which are usually seen in clinic where do we typically see large animals? | Ambulatory/Mobile veterinary truck is often utilized and may be the primary access point for care. |
| Small animal clinics are often full service facilities with medical, surgical, laboratory, radiology, and preventive care how do large animal clinics differ? | We primarily use them for intensive care and major surgeries |
| Small animal specialties include Orthopedics, internal medicine, ophthalmology, neurology, etc. What are some common specialties for large animal vets and vet techs? | Specialties typically include Surgery, reproduction, cattle, camelids, etc |
| With small animal medicine we are usually operating with the with our primary focus being the continuation of the human/animal bond. How does our focus change with large animal and how does this affect care or treatment? | Usually we are focused on the economics and production aspects of their health. Things like cost and withdrawal times often dictate treatment |
| Small animal clinic staff usually have a dress code and work mostly indoors, how does this vary in large animal medicine? | Dress code is more practical and suited to working outside in the mud and dirt. Usually jeans and boots are required. |
| Who is responsible for cleaning, organizing and stocking the truck of a mobile vet? | The vet tech |
| Why is it important to take blood from the top third of the jugular on Alpacas? | Because the carotid dives in and you are less likely to hit it when drawing blood near the head. |
| What is the veterinarians role in a livestock practice? | Maintaining herd health, Vaccines, injuries, inspection at auction, monitoring & reporting diseases that are a human health risk |
| Out in the field what is the Vet Tech's role in large animal practice? | To protect the veterinarian/self/and patient (RESTRAINT!), Clean organize and stock the vet rig, and in the field they set up & clean up equipment and supplies, assist the vet, record keeping and forms, and of course communication with the client |
| In the hospital what is the Vet Tech's role in large animal practice? | Client communication, Medical treatments, nursing/surgical care, laboratory testing, record keeping |
| What are male dairy calves primarily used for? | veal |
| What happens to Dairy cattle once they stop being able to produce babies/milk? | They're culled |
| How does Fermentive digestion work? | Rumen bacteria use their surface cellulase enzyme to turn cellulose into simple carbohydrates (sugars) and use their protease enzymes to breakdown protein. |
| What are the parts of the ruminant stomach? | Abomasum, Omasum, Rumen, and Reticulum |
| What does VFA stand for? | Volatile Fatty Acid |
| In Fermentive digestion carbohydrates are converted into what? | Volatile Fatty Acid |
| Which compartment of the of the ruminant is the smallest? | Reticulum |
| Which compartment of the of the ruminant is the most cranial? | Reticulum |
| Describe the lining of the Reticulum | Lining composed of honeycomb arrangement of folds. |
| The reticulum has coordinated contractions with which other part of the ruminant stomach? | Rumen |
| What contractions allow partially digested plant food to be regurgitated. | Reticuloruminal contractions |
| The series of muscular sacs in the Rumen are partially separated from one another by what? | long muscular folds in the wall called pillars |
| What are the function of the pillars in the rumen? | Pillars aid in mixing and stirring of ruminal contents. |
| What allows built-up carbon dioxide or methane gas to be expelled from the rumen | Reticuloruminal contractions |
| How do rumen bacteria turn cellulose into simple carbohydrates? | Rumen bacteria use their surface cellulase enzyme to turn cellulose into simple carbohydrates (sugars) |
| How do rumen bacteria break down protein? | Rumen bacteria use their protease enzymes to breakdown protein |
| VFAs absorbed by ruminant into the bloodstream are converted into what? | Glucose, adipose tissue, milk fat, and other components |
| Reticulorumen contractions move ingesta where? | Omasum |
| Which part of the ruminant stomach is a muscular organ with many paralell muscular folds? | Omasum |
| What happens in the Omasum? | Breaks food particles down further. Absorbs any remaining VFAs. Removes bicarbonate ions and absorbs some water from the ingesta. |
| Which compartment of the ruminant stomach is considered the "True Stomach"? | Abomasum |
| What is the function of the Abomasum? | Functions much the same as monogastric stomach which is why it's called the "true stomach" |
| What is special about the newborn diet or ruminants? | Newborn ruminant's digestive tract functions primarily as a monogastric system b/c tumen and reticulum are nonfunctional at birth. The reticular groove (esophageal groove) in wall of reticulum conveys liquid(milk) from the esophagus directly to the omasum |
| What affects the rate of development of the rumen and the reticulum in newborn ruminants? | They're affected by type of diet (milk versus grain) |
| How can you "kickstart" the newborn ruminant's rumen and reticulum? | By feeding them grain |
| Beef or Dairy: Intensive rearing/housing systems | Dairy |
| What are the 3 types of Intensive rearing/housing systems used in the dairy industry | Free-stall Pen Stanchion barns |
| Beef or Dairy: Fed hay or silage for roughage along with grain supplements | Dairy |
| Beef or Dairy: uses Assisted reproduction (AI) | Dairy |
| Why does dairy use Assisted reproduction? | Because we have too keep them producing milk and as such on a regular schedule, we also use assisted reproduction to limit the number of male calves |
| When are calves removed from the dam in the Dairy industry? | Within 24 hrs of birth and are bottle fed |
| Beef or Dairy: Which utilizes open/pasture rearing | Beef |
| t/f diary calved are allowed to stay with their dams for 2 days. | False, they are removed after 24 hrs |
| t/f feed constitutes 50% of the cost of milk production | True |
| t/f stanchion housing results in very clean cows | True |
| t/f dairy calves are generally removed from their dams almost immediately and hand-raised, while beef calves are allowed to remain with and nurse from their dams for many months | True |
| What single factor most determines the productivity of lactating dairy cows? | Feeding |
| the site of hardware disease is where? | Reticulum |
| traumatic reticulitis is also known as what? | hardware disease |
| ruminal tympany is also known as what? | bloat |
| which ruminant disease can be directly related to nutritional causes? | bloat |
| Newborn dairy calves should receive colostrum for the first ____day(s) of life | 3 |
| In the cattle industry, the term "open" refers to: | the cow's uterus, meaning she is not pregnant |
| A "calving interval" | The time between when the cow delivers a calf until the next calf is born |
| Which of the following statements regarding the esophageal groove is true? | The esophageal groove deposits milk into the abomasum, by-passing the non-glandular portions of the stomach. |
| list the four compartments of the ruminant stomach in order | rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum |
| which compartment has the true glandular stomach | abomasum |
| what is the primary microbe chemical reaction taking place in the rumen? | fermentation |
| name two main nutritional products of that microbial reaction | proteins, VFA's |
| What is a reticulum magnet used for? | To prevent hardware disease |
| the largest part of the ruminant stomach takes up most of the RIGHT side of the ruminant abdomen | False |
| 4 types of identification of cattle | Ear tag Tattooing the ear Branding Neck tags |
| Two types of branding | Hot branding Freeze branding |
| How many days a year does a cattle lactate | 305 |
| When are dairy calves weaned from their mom | 4-6 weeks or when they are consuming 1-2 lbs of starter diet/day |
| When are beef calves weaned from their mom | 6-8 months |
| Beef or Dairy: Which utilizes finishing as a final method of nutrition. | Beef |
| Beef or Dairy: Which utilizes pasture grazing for roughage? | Beef |
| Beef or Dairy: Bull runs with the cows for live cover breeding | Beef |
| Beef or Dairy: Calves run with dam until weaning | Beef |
| Methods of restraint | Haltering Nose tongs Tail jack Hobbling Casting Chute |
| What does TMR stand for? | Total Mixed Rations |
| What is TMR based on? | production level |
| What is the gestation period for cattle | 280 days or 9 months |
| What can be done to prevent hardwares dz | Administrating a magnet orally |
| What is Fetotomy? | Cutting apart of the fetus to enable removal from the uterus |
| Define Calf Crop | Number or percentage of calves produced within a herd in a given year relative to the number of cows and heifers in the breeding herd. |
| What type of Estrous cycle do bovine have | Polyestrous (Yearround) |
| What is the length of estrus in cattle | 18 hrs |
| How long does each estrous cycle last? | 21 days |
| What is live cover breeding? | traditional case in which a animals are physically brought together and bred |
| t/f it is expected that 5-8% of heifers will experience dystocia | false |
| when do you preg check beef cattle? | late Sept |
| The U.S. dairy breed that produces the most butterfat is the... | Jersey |
| Mutton is what type of meat? | Sheep |
| What is the gestation length for cattle? | 9 mos |
| What is finishing? | Fattening up a cattle before slaughter |
| Who goes to the finishing lots? | Steers and Heifers that are open |
| Why do we have to do artificial insemination | so that we have timed births and a steady supply of milk |
| What is silage? | pre-fermented grasses |
| What is the most common method of identification with cattle? | Ear tagging |
| What is the main advantage of transponders? When would we use it? | Scans cow into computer as she enters the milking parlor and record her milk production at each milking, with Dairy cattle |
| What are ankle straps often used for? | Identifying cows that are sick, pregnant, open, dry |
| Why would we use freeze branding? | because it does a lot less damage to the hide - damagess the melanacytes |
| When are the small metal tags used for | Often put on when they get their brucilosous vaccine |
| What are some disadvantages of ear tags? | Fade after several years or they can be lost so another form of more permanent identification is usually used in addition to the ear tag |
| tWhat is an advantage of ear tags? | Easily seen from a distance |
| Where are ear tattoos done on cattle? | Applied to the inside of the ear, between the middle ribs of cartilage |
| Some registries, like the Jersey registry, require that the calves be tattooed prior to what? | Leaving their individual housing or group housing so many calves are tattooed as young as 1-2 weeks old |
| What can be used to do a freeze brand? | Use either dry ice and denatured alcohol or liquid nitrogen |
| What is required for prepping for a freeze brand? | Shave hair, cleaned with isopropyl alcohol |
| Ankle straps are placed where? | Around the cow’s rear ankle. |
| Green ankle straps typically mean what? | That the cow has been bred already |
| Orange ankle straps typically mean what? | treated (antibiotics) |
| What color of ankle strap will we probably see the most of? Why | Orange, because it indicates treated |
| What happens to the milk of a treated or sick cow? | It's waste and is dumped out |
| What are some advantages of Stanchion or Tie-Stall Housing? | easier to watch over them and keep them clean, lower cases of mastitis |
| Calves are typically housed in what for the first 1-2 weeks of life? | hutches |
| What is a disadvantage of Pen Housing? | They get dirtier, higher cases of mastitis |
| When are veal cattle marketed? | 450-500 lbs |
| If the pasture or range is poor quality (such as in late summer, fall and winter) cattle will be supplemented with what? | hay or silage |
| What kind of diet is a "Finishing" diet? | a high-energy (corn-fed beef) and high-protein diet to increase the yield and the quality of the carcass High level of grains are used for energy while non-protein nitrogen is given in the form of urea. Silage is preferred to hay |
| What does "all-in, all-out" mean? | That the calves were born on the same day and are moved as a group |
| Most cattle take how long to finish? | about 5 months |
| How old are cattle when they go to slaughter? | Usually between 1 and 2 years of age |
| How much do cattle typically weigh when they go to slaughter? | 1000 lbs |
| What is TMR? | All nutrients are calculated based on production level; then the components are weighed and mixed together into a complete ration |
| Other than TMR what type of diet might used for a Dairy cow? | Forage and grain diet |
| What is a Forage and grain diet? | hay is provided free choice at all times, silage is fed once/twice daily, and grain rations are fed twice daily |
| Fat must be limited to what for maintaining rumen microbe health | 5-6% of the diet |
| T/F: Milking machines are disinfected between each cow. | False, not necessarily just between each milking |
| How is fat supplemented if it is needed? | In the form of soybeans, whole cottonseed, etc |
| The forage and concentrate will provide what? | Protein, can also be supplied by other feedstuffs like fishmeal, bone meal, etc. |
| Calves should receive colostrum for the first 3 days and then are placed on milk or a milk replacer at the rate of what during the first few weeks | 10% of body weight/day |
| The rumen does not begin to function until what? | grain and hay are eaten |
| During the first week of life a “starter” diet is offered; the diet contains what? | >18% protein +/- hay (hay is not required in the first 2 months of life). With a course starter diet, they will begin to ruminate within 2 weeks |
| Why do we creep feed? | so that they can start eating grain and feed and they get higher weight at weaning time and the higher weight they are at weaning the more chance they will thrive |
| What is a "grower" diet? | also known as regular cow ration containing 16% protein; hay is best utilized after 4 mos of age |
| When are calves typically started on a "grower" diet? | After 4-6 mos of age |
| Why is nutrition important for breeding cattle? | because when a cow is gestating or lactating it takes a lot out of her so we have to make sure our nutritional plane adequately meets the needs of that mother |
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Adeprey4311