Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
2440 Study Guide
Rad Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a special form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of the material with which it interacts? | ionizing radiation |
| One hundred (100) Rem is equivalent to _____ Sieverts (Sv) | 1 |
| If a patient asks a radiographer a question about the potential risk of radiation exposure associated with a specific x-ray procedure, the radiographer should: | Use his or her intelligence and knowledge to answer the question honestly and provide a suitable example that compares the amount of radiation received from the procedure in question with natural background radiation received over a given period of time |
| Occupational and nonoccupational doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when: | Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable |
| When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence or absence of disease, are obtained with: | Minimal radiation exposure |
| What is the intention behind the ALARA concept? | To keep radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable |
| Electromagnetic radiation can travel through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy. This dual nature is referred to as: | wave particle duality |
| What are forms of electromagnetic radiation? | xrays, gamma, microwaves |
| The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of: | radiation dose |
| In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with _____ wavelengths and _____ energies | shorter; higher |
| The fundamental rule of radiation protection include which of the following? | time, distance, shielding |
| The benefit of the exam should not outweigh the risk of exposure. | false |
| BERT stands for Background Equivalent Radiation Time | true |
| Patient education is the responsibility of the radiographer. | true |
| A patient may elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic medical information when: | Illness occurs, Injury occurs, A specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent |
| Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation defines: | radiation protection |
| What is a method that can be used to answer patient questions about the amount of radiation received from a radiographic procedure? | BERT |
| The term optimization for radiation protection (ORP) is synonymous with the term: | ALARA |
| What are natural sources of ionizing radiation? | Radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body |
| An equivalent dose as low as 0.25 Sv (25 rem) delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days? | decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood |
| The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient defines which of the following terms? | diagnostic efficacy |
| What was the total average annual effective dose from manmade and natural radiation as of 1987? | 3.6 mSv (360 mrem) per year |
| An effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by: | Facilities providing imaging services and Radiation workers |
| What is recognized as the main adverse health effect from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power accident? | Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in adolescents and children |
| Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have no mass or electric charge are: | xray photons |
| Coherent scattering is most likely to occur __________________, even though some of this unmodified scattering occurs throughout the diagnostic range and may result in small amounts of radiographic fog. | below 10 keV |
| What are not types of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter? | Bremsstrahlung, Characteristic |
| The symbol Z indicates the: | atomic number of an atom |
| In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy | as large as or larger than the amount of energy that binds the electron in its orbit |
| Which of the following interactions between photons and matter involves a matter-antimatter annihilation reaction? | pair production |
| The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption ______________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms_________ | increases markedly, increases |
| What terms refer to the radiation that occurs when an electron drops down from an outer orbit to fill a vacancy in an inner orbit of the parent atom? | characteristic |
| Fluorescent radiation is also known as: | Characteristic radiation |
| What is the effective atomic number of bone? | 13.8 |
| What are other terms for coherent scattering? | Classical, unmodified, elastic |
| What are byproducts of photoelectric absorption? | Photoelectric and characteristic photon |
| What particle is considered to be a form of antimatter? | positron |
| What interactions results in the conversion of matter into energy? | Annihilation reaction |
| Compton scattering is synonymous with | incoherent scattering |
| During the process of coherent scattering, the incident x-ray photon interacts with a(n): | atom transferring its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to vibrate momentarily and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves |
| What is the term for the number of x-rays emitted per inner-shell vacancy during the process of photoelectric absorption | Fluorescent yield |
| What results in all-directional scatter? | Compton interaction |
| Annihilation radiation is used in which of the following modalities? | Positron Emission Tomography PET |
| Which two interactions between x-radiation and matter may result in the production of small-angle scatter? | Coherent scattering and Compton scattering |
| Exit, or image-formation, radiation is composed of which of the following? | Non-interacting and small-angle scattered photons |
| What contributes significantly to the exposure of the radiographer? | Compton-scattered photons |
| What defines attenuation? | Absorption and scatter |
| In the radiographic kilovoltage range, what structures will undergo the most photoelectric absorption? | compact bone |
| In which x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon partially absorbed? | Compton |
| When a high atomic number solution is either ingested or injected into human tissue or a structure to visualize it during an imaging procedure, what occurs? | Photoelectric interaction becomes significantly enhanced, leading to an increase in the absorbed dose in the body tissues or structures that contain the contrast medium. |
| What characteristics primarily differentiates the probability of occurrence of the various interactions of x-radiation with human tissue? | Energy of the incoming photon |
| What influences attenuation? | Effective atomic number of the absorber, Mass density |
| A decrease in contrast of the image by adding an additional, unwanted density (radiographic fog) results from what interactions between x-radiation and matter? | Compton scattering |
| The interactions of x-ray photons with any atoms of biologic matter are: | Random in nature, and therefore the effects of such interactions cannot be predicted with certainty |
| The first x-ray picture was taken of Clarence Dally's hand | false |
| From 1900 to 1930 the unit in use for measuring radiation exposure was: | Skin erythema dose |
| What is the measurement of radiation exposure in air? | Roentgen |
| What is the unit of collective effective dose (ColEfD)? | person-sievert |
| What does the traditional radiation unit, the rad, measure? | Radiation absorbed dose |
| n order to convert Gray (Gy) to Rad you multiply by 100. | true |
| The concept of tissue weighting factor is used to | Account for the risk to the entire organism brought on by irradiation of individual tissues and organs |
| Which of the following radiation quantities accounts for some biologic tissues being more sensitive to radiation damage than other tissues? | Effective dose |
| Air kerma is kinetic energy released in a unit mass (kilogram) of air and is expressed in metric units of joule per kilogram (J/kg). | true |
| Numerically the cGy is identical to the Rad. It is replacing the Rad for recording of absorbed dose in therapeutic radiology. 1 rad = 1 cGy | true |
| The concept of tissue weighting factor (WT) is used to do what? | Account for the risk to the entire organism brought on by irradiation of individual tissues and organs. |
| 15 Gray (Gy) equals: | 1500 rad |
| 75 cGy equals 75 rad | true |
| In order to precisely measure the roengten (R), the type of equipment needed is: | a standard or free-air ionization chamber |
| Equivalent dose (EqD) is the product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and it's associated radiation weighting factor (WR) chosen for the type and energy of the radiation in question (EqD = D x WR). | true |
| A higher tissue weighting factor (WT) denotes increased sensitivity to radiation, i.e., Gonads WT = 0.20, Bone WT = 0.01, which would indicate that gonads are more sensitive to radiation than bone. | true |
| ______________ is used to describe radiation exposure of a population or group from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation. | Collective effective dose |
| Who was the first known American fatality associated with radiation? | Clarence Dally |
| Thomas Edison discontinued his research into radiation after: | his assistant died from radiation exposure. |
| The SI unit known as the Gray (Gy) is a unit used to measure absorbed dose in air (Ga) or to measure absorbed dose in tissue (Gt). | true |
| ________________effects from ionizing radiation, are effects that occur on a random basis & typically has no threshold; the chances of seeing the effect increase with dose. Cancer is an example of this effect | stochastic |
| What was used as the first measure of exposure for ionizing radiation? | Skin erythema |
| If the absorbed dose is stated in rad, gray may be determined by performing which of the following operations? | Dividing by 100 |
| What does the traditional radiation unit, the roentgen, measure? | Radiation exposure in air only |
| Which of the following radiation quantities accounts for some biologic tissues being more sensitive to radiation damage than other tissues? | effective dose |
| The radiation weighting factor for alpha particles is 20, and the tissue weighting factor for the lungs is 0.12. If the lungs receive an absorbed dose of 0.2 Gy from exposure to alpha particles, what is the effective dose in sieverts? | 0.48 Sv |
| If 100 people received an average effective dose of 0.35 Sv (35 rem), what is the collective effective dose? | 35 person-sieverts (3500 man-rem) |
| What is determined by dividing the number of rad by 100? | Number of Gray |
| What do optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLs), thermoluminescent dosimeters, film badge dosimeters, and pocket ionization chambers have in common? | These devices are all used for personnel monitoring. |
| What instruments is called a cutie pie? | Ionization chamber-type survey meter |
| The metal filters contained in a film badge personnel dosimeter are generally composed of which of the following materials? | Aluminum or copper |
| Exposure monitoring of personnel is required whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving ____ or more of the annual occupational EfD limit of 50 mSv (5 rem) in any single year as a consequence of their work-related activities. | 10% |
| During routine radiographic procedures when a protective apron is not being worn, the primary personnel dosimeter should be attached to the clothing on the front of the body at _________ level. | collar |
| In diagnostic imaging, the ______________ of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers. | increased sensitivity |
| What should be part of the employment record of all radiation workers? | A record of exposure recorded by personnel dosimeters |
| What requirements should radiation survey instruments fulfill? | Instruments must be reliable by accurately recording exposure or exposure rate.Instruments must be durable enough to withstand normal use. Instruments should interact with ionizing radiation in a manner similar to the way in which human tissue interacts. |
| Which of the following instruments is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment? | Ionization chamber |
| The radiation safety officer (RSO) in a health care facility receives and reviews personnel ___________reports to assess compliance with ALARA guidelines. | monitoring |
| What instrument should be used to locate a lost radioactive source or detect low-level radioactive contamination? | GM Detector |
| The three basic parts of a film badge are? | A durable, lightweight plastic film holder, an assortment of metal filters & a film packet |
| The Thermoluminescent dosimeter contains a crystalline form of ______________ fluoride, that function as it's sensing material | lithium |
| __________________ is an instrument that can be used to measure density to determine the amount of radiation to which a film badge dosimeter has been exposed. | densitometer |
| This is a unit of energy; or work done or energy expended when a force of 1 newton acts on an object along a distance of 1 meter. | joule |
| Pregnant radiographers wear one dosimeter at collar level and a second dosimeter should be worn _______________ a wraparound style lead apron at _________ level. | under, waist |
| Monitoring personnel exposure to radiation is required to ensure that occupational radiation exposure levels are kept well below annual ___________ limits | Effective dose (EfD) |
| During high-level radiation procedures, imaging professionals should wear a thyroid shield and a lead apron, with the dosimeter worn outside the garment at collar level, to provide a reading of the approximate equivalent dose to the thyroid gland and the | eyes |
| In general, personnel dosimeters must be ___________, durable, and cost-efficient. | portable |
| Types of ______________ radiation survey instruments include the ionization chamber-type survey meter (cutie-pie), the proportional counter, and the GM detector. | Gas-filled |
| People who receive a(n) _______________dose of ionizing radiation of 5 Gy (500 rad) or greater will die within 30-60 days | lethal |
| When laser light is incident on the sensing material in an OSL dosimeter, the material: | Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received |
| What chemical functions as the sensing material in a thermoluminescent dosimeter | lithium fluoride |
| During routine radiographic procedures, when a protective apron is not being worn, the primary personnel dosimeter should be attached to the clothing on the front of the body at: | Collar level to approximate the maximum radiation dose to the thyroid and the head and neck |
| During diagnostic imaging procedures, how should the radiation dose to the abdomen of a pregnant radiographer be monitored during gestation? | It should be obtained from a second radiation monitor worn at abdominal level. |
| When a radiologic procedure requires the hands of a radiation worker to be near the primary beam, the equivalent dose to the hands of that individual may be determined through the use of: | A TLD ring badge worn on the hand of the radiation worker |
| What instrument is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment? | Ionization chamber with electrometer |
| For x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies from 5 keV to in excess of 40 MeV, the _____________ gives an accurate reading as low as 1 mrem. | OSL dosimeter |
| What instrument should be used to locate a lost radioactive source or detect low-level radioactive contamination? | GM detector |
| What instrument should be used in an x-ray installation to assess fluoroscopic scatter radiation exposure rate? | Ionization chamber with electrometer |
| The steps or rungs of the DNA "ladder" consist of 2 long sugar-phosphate chains which twist around each and are linked by pairs of these organic bases? | Nitrogenous |
| What produces antibodies? | Lymphocytes |
| According to the Human Genome Project, there are 2.9 billion base pairs arranged into about | 30,000 genes |
| Somatic cells divide through a process called | mitosis |
| Which human cell component controls cell division and multiplication, as well as biochemical reactions within the cell? | nucleus |
| Compounds called purines include adenine and: | guanine |
| Inorganic compounds are: | compounds that do not contain carbon, and include acids, bases and salts |
| Organic compounds | contain carbon |
| Electrolytes are also known as | salts |
| The DNA is located within the cytoplasm of the cell. | false |
| Which cell structure has a smooth and rough surface? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| The nucleus is separated by other parts of the cell by: | double-walled membrane |
| What is the enzyme contained within the mitochondria that is essential for sustaining life? | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| What can cause cell death if it has to and is also known as the "suicide bag" ? | lysosomes |
| In which phase of mitosis can chromosome damage from radiation be evaluated? | metaphase |
| In the process of mitosis, there are six subphases. | False - four subphases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| What is a chemical secretion that is manufactured by various endocrine glands and is carried by the blood-stream to influence activities in other parts of the body? | hormones |
| What can mend damaged molecules and help the cell to recover from radiation induced damage? | repair enzymes |
| Nucleic acids make up what percentage of the cell? | 1% |
| In general, which of the following can human cells do? | Protect themselves, Regulate life processes, Reproduce |
| The following causes an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell? | Enzymes |
| What is the current term used to determine radiation dose limitations? (Hint: this radiation quantity accounts for the differences in types of radiation as well as the sensitivity of various tissues and organs) | Effective dose |
| In a DNA macromolecule, the sequence of ______determines the characteristics of every living thing. | Nitrogenous organic bases |
| How many base pairs are there in the human genome? | 2.9 billion |
| Radiation-induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which of the following processes? | Metaphase |
| If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, cells do which of the following? | Function abnormally or die |
| What produces antibodies? | lymphocytes |
| Water constitutes approximately _____ of the weight of the human body. | 80% to 85% |
| What must the human body provide to ensure efficient cell operation? | Food as a source of raw material for the release of energy, Oxygen to help break down food, Water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell |
| Proteins constitute approximately ______ of the weight of the human body | 15% |
| Lipids make up _____ of the organic compound in human cells | 2% |
| Carbohydrates make up _____ of the organic compounds in human cells | 1% |
| Germ cells divide by the process of | meiosis |
| Direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is much more likely to happen after exposure to | high-LET radiation such as alpha particles |
| Which of the following is (are) considered low-LET radiation(s)? | X-rays, gamma rays |
| Which molecules in the human body are most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through an indirect action? | water |
| ________________ of the effects of x-radiation and gamma in macromolecules of living systems occur as a result of indirect action | Most |
| What interaction is usually corrected by repair enzymes? | single-strand break |
| High LET radiation deposits more energy per unit of biologic tissue traversed, so it is more destructive to biologic matter than low LET radiation. | true |
| Biologic damage resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation may be observed on a molecular, cellular and organic level. | true |
| Hydrogen peroxide is not hazardous to the human cell | false |
| Target theory suggests that RNA is the master molecule, which if irradiated will result in cell death | false |
| Point mutations commonly occur with low-LET radiation are reversible through the action of the: | Repair enzymes |
| Point lesions occur: | when both DNA strands are broken |
| the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation (conventionally 250 kVp x-rays) to the dose of radiation of the type in question that is necessary to produce the same biologic reaction in a given experiment | Relative Biologice Effectiveness (RBE) |
| As the LET of radiation __________________, so do biologic effects | increases |
| Action is _______________ when effects are produced by reactive free radicals created by the interaction of radiation with water molecules. | indirect |
| When a cell's ____________ is significantly damaged by exposure to ionizing radiation, the cell can die or experience reproductive death, apoptosis, mitotic death, mitotic delay, interference with function, or chromosome breakage. | DNA |
| The law of Bergonié and Tribondeau states that the most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells having the least ___________ and specialization, the greatest reproductive activity, and the longest mitotic phases. | maturity |
| The cell _________curve is used to display the radiosensitivity of a particular type of cell, which helps determine the types of cancer cells that will respond to radiation therapy. | survival |
| Most biological damage from x-radiation is a result of which of the following? | hydrogen peroxide and the hydroperoxyl radical |
| What affects the radiation response of human cells? | Presence of oxygen and Stage of the cell in its cycle |
| What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells, and reproductive cells have in common? | All cells are radiosensitive |
| According to regulations, the collimator light must be accurate to within ___ of the SID. | 2% |
| For radiation protection, high-LET radiation is of greatest concern when a radionuclide has been implanted, ingested, injected, or inhaled because: | The potential exists for irreparable damage because multiple-strand breaks in DNA are possible |
| Free radicals behave as an extremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of: | Unpaired electrons |
| What is classified as high-LET radiation? | alpha particles |
| A biologic reaction is produced by 3 Gy of a test radiation. It takes 12 Gy of 250-kVp x-radiation to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the test radiation? | 4 |
| Which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body? | indirect action |
| Which molecules in the human body are most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through an indirect action? | water |
| When does ionizing radiation cause complete chromosome breakage? | When two direct hits occur in the same rung of the DNA macromolecule |
| When significant numbers of lymphocytes are damaged by exposure from ionizing radiation, the body: | Loses its natural ability to combat infection, Becomes more susceptible to bacteria, Becomes more susceptible to viral antigens |
| With respect to the law of Bergonié and Tribondeau, which of the following would best complete this statement? “The most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells having the | Greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and least maturity |
| Broken-end arrangement without visible damage to the chromatids; the genetic material is rearranged but appears normal | translocation |
| In 1898, after suffering severe burns attributed to radiation exposure, which Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known advocate of radiation protection? | William Herbert Rollins |
| Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by: | high radiation doses |
| The reason why the ovaries should be shielded whenever possible during all imaging procedures? | Gonadal irradiation of the ovaries can result in genetic mutations that can be passed on to future generations |
| Acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. In what order do these stages occur | Prodromal, latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death |
| During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the initial stage, the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become visible is called: | manifest illness |
| A term that is synonymous with epilation is: | alopecia |
| The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the _____ syndrome. | bone marrow |
| Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a _____ effect | cumulative |
| The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is also referred to as the: | initial stage |
| What is classified as early (acute) deterministic somatic effects of ionizing radiation? | Nausea, vomitting, diarrhea |
| What are the forms of acute radiation syndrome. | Hematopoietic, Gastrointestinal, Cerebrovascular |
| As radiation dose__________, so does the severity of the effects. | increases |
| In the female the oogonia, the ovarian stem cells: | multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development |
| Lethal dose of ionizing radiation for humans is usually given as: | LD 50/60 |
| Early deterministic somatic effects occur within a short period of time after exposure to ionizing radiation. | true |
| The three dose-related syndromes that occur as part of the total-body syndrome are: | Hematopoietic, Gastrointestinal, Cerebrovascular |
| Cells of Hemapoietic system all develop from a single precursor cell, the __________ stem cell. | pluripotential |
| What are early non-stochastic (deterministic) somatic effects of radiation? | Erythema and desquamation |
| At a 90-degree angle to the primary x-ray beam, at a distance of 1m (3.3 feet), the scattered radiation is what fraction of the intensity of the primary beam? | 1/1000 |
| Which system is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings? | Hematopoietic |
| When cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation, approximately _____ of radiation-induced damage may be repaired over time, and about _____ is irreparable. | 90%, 10% |
| The total radiation dose received by a somatic or genetic cell and the dose rate determine the: | production of chromasome aberrations |
| Which types of cells develop from a single precursor cell, the pluripotential stem cell? | Lymphocytes and granulocytes, Thrombocytes and erythrocytes, Platelets |
| With regard to radiation exposure, which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected? | small intestine |
| Cancer and genetic defects are examples of __________ effects. | stochastic |
| Some examples of measurable late biologic damage are | Cataracts, Leukemia, Genetic mutations |
| What provides the foundation for the sigmoid or “S-shaped” (nonlinear) threshold curve of radiation dose response? | Data from human populations observed after acute high doses of radiation |
| The linear nonthreshold curve implies that biologic response is | Directly proportional to the dose |
| Reevaluation of the quantity and type of radiation that was released in the atomic bombing of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has led to revised atomic bomb data about radiation-induced leukemia and solid tumors may be attributed predominantly to: | gamma radiation exposure |
| Doubling dose measures the effectiveness of ionizing radiation in causing mutations; it is the radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations in a given generation to increase to two times their original number. | For humans, the doubling dose is estimated to have a mean value of 1.56 Sv (156 rem). |
| During the 10 years immediately after the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power station accident, which of the following was the most pronounced health effect observed? | Dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in children living in the regions where the heaviest radioactive contamination occurred |
| Early demise of experimental animals exposed to nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation actually resulted from | induction of cancer |
| According to data from studies performed on U.S. Radiologic Technologists, individuals who began working before 1950 had a somewhat higher risk of dying from _____________ when compared with technologists who started working in 1950 and later. | leukemia |
| Most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses: | Less than 0.01 Sv (1 rem) |
| Broken end arrangement where a grossly misshapen chromosome may be produced | ring chromatids, dicentric chromosomes and anaphase bridges |
| A part of the chromosome or chromatid is lost at the next cell division | deletion |
| The 4 major organic compounds in human cells | proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids |
| Radon accounts for ___ of gross common exposure to human from natural background radiation | 55% |
| Unit of effective dose | sievert |
| Measurement of exposure in air | Roentgen |
| What occurs when water is ionized | radiolysis |
| What contains a large amount of RNA | nucleolus |
| When one daughter cell is affected and occurs later in interphase, after DNA synthesis and only 1 pair is broken | chromatid aberration |
| When both daughter cells are affected, occurs early in interphase, before DNA synthesis and both chromatids are broken | chromosome aberration |
| Doubling the amount of DNA, occurring during interphase | replication |
| Programmed cell death or interphase death | apoptosis |
| As kVp increases, patient dose_____________ | decreases |
| Temporary sterilization of germ cells occurs at | 2Gy or 200 rad |
| Permanent sterilization of germ cells occurs at | 5-6Gy or 500-600rad |
| Possession of an abnormal number of chromosomes | aneuploidy |
| tiny membrane enclosed structures produced during apoptosis | bleb |
| the loss or change of a nitrogenous base | mutation |
| radioactive element with a half-life of 4.5 billion years | uranium |
| example of stochastic effects that probably do not have a threshold | probalistic effects |
| another term for stochastic effects | cancer and genetic effects |
| predicts that a specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation | absolute risk model |
| a 3 year research project that bean in 1996 in the Republic of Belarus in the aftermath of the accident at Chernobyl | ETHOS project |
| radioactive contrast agent used form 1925-1945 that caused liver and spleen cancer in many patients after a latent period of 15-20years | thorotrast |
| estimates the risk associated with low-level radiation | linear quadratic non threshold dose response curve |
| safe gonadal dose of ionizing radiation for humans | zero |
| predicts that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in population | relative risk model |
| genetic mutations at the molecular level; chromosome not broken but the DNA within is damaged | point mutations |
| The radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations occurring in a given generation to increase to 2 times their original number | doubling dose |
| mutations probably not expressed for several generations | recessive mutations |
| Something that cannot properly govern the cells normal chemical reactions or properly control the sequence of amino acids in the formation of specific proteins | mutant genes |
| Describes the relative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction | RBE |
| Mineral salts | electrolytes |
| Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes | antibodies |
| The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being | human genome |
| process of locating and identifying genes in the genome | mapping |
| compounds called pyrimidines | cytosine and thymine |
| compounds called purines | adenine and guanine |
| saccharides | carbohydrates |
| functions to assist in the linking of messenger RNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis | Ribosomal RNA |
| small pea like sacs or singe membrane spherical bodies that are of great importance for digestion with the cytoplasm | lysosomes |
| a five carbon sugar molecule | deoxyribose |
| protein production | lipids |
| controls the cells physiologic activities | enzymatic proteins |
| keep the correct proportion of water in the cell | sodium and potassium |
| the phase of mitosis during which the duplicate centromeres migrate in opposite directions along the mitotic spindle an carry the chromatids to opposite sides of the cell | anaphase |
| miniature cell components present in the cytoplasm | organelles |
| implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is directly proportional to the dose | linear, non-threshold dose |
| a dose-response dose curve that is curved to some degree | nonlinear |
| example of stochastic effects that probably do not have a threshold | probalistic effects |
| estimates the risk associated with low-level radiation | linear quadratic non-threshold dose response curve |
| group of people who provide strong evidence that ionizing radiation can induce breast cancer | Female Japanese atomic bomb survivors |
| mutations probably expressed in the offspring | dominant mutations |
| the production or origin of cancer | carcinogenesis |
| decreases as gestation progresses | fetal radiosensitivity |
| people who engage in research what have a common goal to establish relationships between radiation and dose-response | radiobiologists |
| damage to an organism that occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation during the embryonic stage of development | birth defects |
| abnormalities that most frequently occur fro weeks 3 to 20 of gestation in humans | skeletal |
| Which agency is responsible for enforcing radiation safety standards | Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) |
| What is the CumEfD to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 27 years old | 270mSv |
| Biologic effects such as cataracts that result from exposure to ionizing radiation appear to have: | sigmoid threshold dose-response curve |
| the occupational risk of medical imaging personnel may be equated with the risk of: | other industries considered reasonably safe |
| Revised estimates and recent reevaluations of dosimetric studies on the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki indicates: | an increase in the number of solid tumors in the survivor population |
| Students, 18 years old should not exceed an effective dose of __________ annualy | 1mSv |
| The NCRP recommends a monthly equivalent dose limit to the fetus of pregnant radiographers of: | 0.5mSv |
| The NCRP recommends a dose limit for pregnant radiographers during the entire pregnancy not to exceed | 5.0mSv |
| The annual effective dose that applies to radiographers annually | 50mSv |
| Equivalent occupational annual dose limit for the lens of the eye | 150 mSv |
| Equivalent occupational annual dose limit for the skin hands and feet | 500mSv |
| deterministic effects | biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received |
| NCRP | National council on Radiation Protection (recommend) |
| BEIR | Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation |
| ICRP | International commision on Radiologic Protection (recommend) |
| FDA | supports the right exam, right time, right patient, right dose |
| weekly radiation usage of a diagnostic xray unit | workload (W) |
| The portion of beam-on time that the xray is directed at a primary barrier during the week | use factor (U) |
| The fraction of the work week during which the space beyond the barrier is occupied | occupancy factor (T) |
| How are barrier shielding requirements Calculated Barrier Shielding Requirements | mAminutes * U * T |
| Define Air Kerma | radiation intensity in air |
| What does Kerma stand for | kinetic energy released in matter/material/per unit mass |
| How does the inverse square law play a role in the design of radiation safety barriers | as the rad tech moves closer to a source of radiation, the radiation exposure to the radiographer increases dramatically |
| what is meant by standardized exposure factors | uniform selection of technical factors |
| How is a TLD used to measure skin dose | heat the crystals to free the trapped, highly energized electrons and then recording the amount of light emitted by the crystals |
| What is the goal of CT imaging from a radiation protection point of view? | optimize the dose to the patient |
Created by:
lkdickson