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Sociology Chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Race | -A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society CONSIDER IMPORTANT. -People may classify one another on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, hair texture, |
| Race Information | -Socially constructed concept. -The striking variety of racial traits found today is the product of migration. -Middle East has a pronounced racial mix (western Asia) because it was a historically a crossroads of migration. -Japan is characterized by raci |
| Ethnicity | -A shared cultural heritage. -Socially constructed. -Based on common ancestry, language, and religion. -Cultural Traits. -FOR MOST PEOPLE, ETHNICITY IS MORE COMPLICATED THAN RACE! |
| Minority | -Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates. -Based on race, ethnicity, or both. -Not all members of a minority category are disadvantaged. -Job success rarely allows individuals to e |
| Minorities (Two Key Characteristics) | -Society imposes them on a distinctive identity (race, sex, sexual orientation, the poor), which may be based on physical or cultural traits. -Subordination: Minorities experience subordination (typically lower income, lower occupational prestige, and lim |
| "Race is not a black-and-white issue" | -An increasing amount of people are considering themselves to be multiracial and/or multiethnic. -No society contains biologically "pure" people. -There is more genetic variation within each racial "category" than between categories. |
| Minority shift in the United States | -Minorities are at a majority in four states. (California, New Mexico, Texas, and Hawaii) -By about 2042, minorities are likely to form a majority of the US population. |
| Prejudice (Attitudes) | -A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people. -Can be negative and positive, positive prejudice exaggerate the virtues of people like ourselves, and negative prejudice condemn those who are different from us. Can range from dislik |
| Stereotype | -A simplified description applied to every person in some category. |
| Racism | -The belief that one racial category is innately superior to the other. |
| Scapegoat Theory | -A person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles. -"White woman in the textile factory receiving low wages among minorites." |
| Discrimination (Action) | -Unequal treatment of various categories of people. -Ranges from subtle to extreme- can be positive or negative. |
| Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination (Carmichael and Hamilton) | -Bias built into the operation of society's institutions. -Schools, hospitals, law enforcement, and the workplace. -People are slow to recognize and condemn institutional prejudice and discrimination because it often involves respected public officals and |
| The Thomas Theorem of Prejudice | -"Situations that are defined as real become real in their consequences." -Vicious cycle of prejudice disadvantages becoming a reality for minorities and being reinforced through further prejudice. Belief in innate superiority of the majority gives more p |
| Authoritarian Personality Theory of Prejudice (Theodor Adorno and colleagues) | -Rigid moralists see things in "black-and-white". -Extreme prejudice is a personality trait of some individuals. -Tend to view society as naturally competitive. ("The better must dominate the weak") |
| Conflict Theory of Prejudice | -Self-justification for the rich and powerful in the US. -All elites benefit when prejudice divides workers across racial and ethnic lines and discourages them from working together to advance their common interests. |
| Conflict Theory of Prejudice Cont. | -Cultivation of climate of race consciousness for greater power and privileges by minorities. -Sometimes called "identity politics". |
| Pluralism | -A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing. -United States is "pluralistic" in its philosophy of law. "Ethnic Villages." Chinatown/Little Italy |
| Assimilation | -The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture. -Changing styles of dress, values, religion, language, and friends. -Involves changes in ethnicity but not in race. |
| Miscegenation | -Biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories. -This is how racial traits can diminish over generations. -Interracial marriages still only compose 7.5% of marriages. |
| Segregation | -The physical and social separation of categories of people. "1954: Brown v Board of Education of Topeka reduced de jure "by law" segregation, but de facto "in fact" segregation continues in the form of countless neighborhoods home to people of a single r |
| Genocide | -Systematic killing of one category of people by another. -Native Americans -Holocaust (Jews, Gypsies, Homosexuals, Handicapped) -Stalin -Pol Pot's "capitalist" extermination in Cambodia -Hutus/Tutsis -Serbs killing Bosnians -Sudan (Darfur region) |
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