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* Cook CRCT Review
* Cook Review 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A kind of government that the citizens run themselves. | Democracy |
| An agreement between countries to protect one another. | Alliance |
| Many European countries took over other nations and turned them into colonies during the Age of ___. | Imperialism |
| Theory that says the state should own all farms and factories. | Communism |
| Why did Europeans begin to explore other lands during the Renaissance? | To gain wealth from trading |
| Nationalism in Europe during the early 1900's led to groups of nations forming ___ with each other. | Alliances |
| Expansion, harsh treatment of common people, and slow westernization are all things that happened in what country? | Russia |
| Mistreatment of the serfs was one important factory that led what person to takeover Russia? | Lenin |
| Tension was high between the Soviet Union and the United States during the ____. | Cold War |
| Why did Europeans begin to explore other lands during the Renaissance? | To gain wealth from trading |
| Nationalism in Europe during the early 1900's led to groups of nations forming ___ with each other. | Alliances |
| Expansion, harsh treatment of common people, and slow westernization are all things that happened in what country? | Russia |
| Mistreatment of the serfs was one important factory that led what person to takeover Russia? | Lenin |
| Tension was high between the Soviet Union and the United States during the ____. | Cold War |
| Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Peru are all part of which continent? | South America |
| What is Hernan Cortes most known for? | Conquering the Aztecs |
| What affect did smallpox have on the Incas and Aztecs? | Many died because they had no natural defense |
| Which of the following groups would be most exciting about the idea of Mexico ending trade with the US and nationalizing major industries and businesses? | The Zapatistas |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture was most known for what? | being a slave who led a successful slave revolt |
| Why did Samuel de Champlain and John Guy have in common? A. They both established colonies in Canada B. They both helped found the independence movement C. They were Catholic Missionaries D. Both supported Latin American nationalism | A They both established colonies in Canada |
| Who were the Aborigines? | the indigenous or native people of Australia; " the people who were here from the beginning" |
| What is acid rain? | clouds or rain containing sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides that causes problems in the environment |
| What is an autocratic government? | a government with a single ruler with unlimited power |
| What is a chancellor? | head of state running day-to-day operations of government in some democracies, like Germany |
| What is a chief executive? | a leader who heads the military, enforces laws, and keeps a country running |
| clear-cutting | cutting all the trees in an area |
| Cold war | a period of distrust and misunderstanding between the Soviet Union and its former allies in the West, particularly the United States. |
| colony | a foreign area controlled by a country and contributing to its wealth. |
| Colombian Exchange | the moving of animals, plants, people,and diseases between the Old and New Worlds |
| command economy | an economy in which centralized groups decide what and how goods and services will be produced, distributed, and consumed |
| Commonwealth of Nations | weak association of member countries once part of the British Empire; also called the British Commonwealth |
| communist | describes a government that owns or controls most farms or businesses |
| confederation government | a form of government based on a voluntary agreement under which separate countries work together |
| conquistador | Spanish conqueror |
| constitutional monarchy | a government in which the king or queen is head of state with little or no real power, as limited by a constitution |
| credit | the ability to borrow money |
| Crusades | military expeditions sent from 1096 to 1272 by various popes to capture Holy Land from Muslim Turks |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | a tense time in j1962 when nuclear war seem possible after the soviet union placed missiles in Cuba and the United States demanded their removal |
| currency | money used in a particular country to buy goods and services |
| Cyrillic alphabet | writing system (differing from the Roman alphabet) used to write Russian and other Slavic languages |
| czar | absolute rule of Russia before 1917 |
| deforestation | the process of clearing forests, selling their timber, and using the cleared land for other purposes |
| demand | how many people want the goods available and what they are willing to pay for them |
| direct democracy | a democratic form of government requiring a vote by all citizens for every government decision |
| economic depression | a hard time in the economy when businesses, banks, factories close and people lose their jobs, buying and selling almost stops |
| economic system | the way a country decides what goods and services will be produced, how they will be produced, who will consume them |
| embargo | a government order stopping trade with another country to put pressure on the government of that other country |
| entrepreneur | one who risks his or her own money, time, ideas, and energy to start and run a business |
| euro | the currency of the European Union |
| European Union | group of 27 European countries united to bring more advantages to members that might not have available to the smaller nations; the EU works to improve trade, education, farming, and industry among the members |
| exchange rate | the price of one nation's currency in terms of another nation's currency |
| expenses | the costs related to running a business |
| exports | goods sold to other countries |
| federal government | a form of government in which power is divided between a central government and smaller divisions, such as states |
| Federation Council | that part of Russia's Federal Assembly that represents state government; approves presidential appointments |
| financial investment | savings put into a bank account, certificate of deposit, stock, bond, or mutual fund that pays a future benefit such as interest |
| free economy | describes an economy where businesses can operate without too many rules from the government |
| free enterprise | a decentralized market economy |
| genocide | the planned killing of a race of people |
| Germanic languages | includes languages like German or English originating from Germanic tribes, largest European language group; found in northwest and central Europe |
| Great Britain | the united countries of England, Scotland, and Wales, a union that dated from the early 1700's |
| Great Smog | four days of intense smog in London in 1952, which alerted people to poor air quality |
| Great War | European conflict from 1914 to 1918; also known as World War I and "the war to end all wars" |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year |
| Gulf Stream | a current of warm water from the Gulf of Mexico that moves north across the Atlantic, warming Ireland and the United Kingdom |
| head of state | in a parliamentary system, the symbolic leader of a country |
| Holocaust | the systematic killing of 6 million Jews and others by the Nazis before and during World War II |
| House of Commons | the powerful, representative lawmaking body of the United Kingdom's Parliament; controls the budget |
| House of Lords | the less-powerful, representative advisory lawmaking body of the United Kingdom's Parliament |
| human capital | workers of a business or country including their education, training, skills, and health |
| illiteracy rate | the percentage of a country's people who cannot read and write |
| imports | goods purchased from other countries |
| income | money coming in for a person or into a business |
| indigenous population | the first people known to inhabit an area |
| industrialized countries | countries that depend more on manufacturing than farming; generally have a high standard of living |
| interest | a fee for the use of money |
| investing | putting money into a bank account, stock, bond, or mutual fund that pays interest |
| laissez-faire | a decentralized market economy |
| Latin America | countries of Central and South America and the Caribbean having Spanish or Portuguese as their primary language |
| law of supply and demand | determines price based on amount of goods available, how many consumers want the goods, ans what they are willing to pay |
| life expectancy | the average number of years a person in a country may be reasonably expected to live |
| literacy rate | the percentage of a country's people who can read and write |
| literate | able to read and write |
| market economy | an economy in which changes in price guide what and how goods and services will be produced, distributed, and consumed |
| mestizo | in Latin America, one whose ancestors were both European and Native American |
| militarism | using strong armies and threats of war |
| mixed economy | an economy that blends characteristics of both command and market economies, but falls closer to one form or the other |
| monarch | a king or queen, symbol of a country; "the crown" |
| MP | member of parliament, elected as a representative of the people in a parliamentary system of democracy |
| mulatto | in Latin America, one whose ancestors were both African and European |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement, which was signed in 1994 by the United States, Canada, and Mexico eliminating tariffs |
| Nahuatl | Aztec language |
| nationalism | the love of one's country |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | an alliance of the United States, Canada, and its western European allies; formed after World War II |
| Nazi Party | National Socialist Party of Germany's Adolf Hitler |
| Oligarchic government | a government that is ruled by a few |
| Ottoman Empire | Turkey and its colonies |
| parliamentary system | type of democratic government where citizens elect MPs who choose a prime minister |
| penal | describes a prison |
| peso | the Mexican or Cuban currency |
| phosphorus | a chemical used in fertilizer,pesticides, toothpaste, detergents, and explosives that can pollute the water |
| physical capital | factories, machines, technologies, buildings, and property needed for a business to operate |
| physical capital investment | purchasing physical capital |
| Pope | leader of the Roman Catholic Church |
| presidential system | type of democratic government where citizens elect members of the legislature and also the chief executive, known as the president |
| prime minister | the head of state in a parliamentary system of democracy, responsible for running the day-to-day operations of government |
| profit | money left after business expenses are subtracted from business income |
| Quechua | the Inca language |
| quota | (1)in a centralized command economy, being told by government what and how much to produce in a certain time; (2)a limit placed on the number of imports that may enter a country |
| real | Brazilian currency |
| real investment | the purchase of a new home by a person or the purchase of physical capital by a business |
| representative democracy | a democratic form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to make government decisions |
| Romance languages | includes languages like French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian, which come from Latin, the ancient Roman language; found in south and west of Europe |
| ruble | the Russian currency |
| Santeria | a Cuban religion based on African traditional beliefs |
| savings | income not spent |
| scarcity | limited supply of something |
| Scramble for Africa | the division of much of Africa among European countries between 1885 and 1910 |
| separatist | a person who wants Quebec to be an independent country from Canada |
| service jobs | jobs that involve providing services to people rather than products |
| slag | leftover rock from the smelting process |
| Slavic languages | includes Russian; found in central and eastern Europe; sometimes written with Cyrillic alphabet |
| smokeless zones | areas of London where, in order to improve air quality, only smokeless fuels can be used |
| Soviet Union | a powerful communist country that supported the Castro government in Cuba |
| specialization | the division of labor; work is divided into parts for workers, factories, or countries to become expert at producing certain goods |
| State Duma | the elected body of Russia's Federal Assembly; controls the budget and makes laws; approves prime minister selected by the president |
| stock market crash | occurs when the value of stocks falls quickly and deeply |
| supply | the amount of goods available |
| tariff | a tax on imports |
| third world countries | developing nations that do not have much industry and that depend upon farming; have lower standard of living than industrialized countries |
| trade | the voluntary exchange of goods and services among people and countries benefiting both parties |
| trade barriers | ways of limiting trade by tariffs, quotas, or embargoes |
| traditional economy | an economy in which customs and habits of the past decide what and how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed |
| unitary government | a form of government in which a central government operates all levels of government in a country |
| urban | referring to cities |
| viceroy | Spanish governor of conquered American lands |
| welfare state | government that guarantees certain benefits to the unemployed, poor, disabled, old, and sick, such as is done in the Basic Law of Germany |
| World War I | European conflict from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War and "the war to end all wars" |
| World War II | worldwide conflict lasting from 1939-1945 |
| Zapatistas | a guerrilla group who supported improved living conditions for indigenous Mexicans; they have resorted to harassment, sabotage, and forcible takeovers of local governments |
| Aboriginal | people native to a region inhabiting a land before the arrival of colonists |
| Aborigines | indigenous peoples of Austrialia |
| Acid Rain | rain polluted with acid chemicals |
| Agrarian society | a society that focuses around farming and land |
| Alied Powers | those nations involved in World War 1 that were led by Great Britain and France |
| Allies | countries on the same side in a dispute; Britain, France, Soviet Union, and United States fought together against Axis powers during World War 2 |
| American Revolution | (1775-1783) war in which American Colonist fought for independence from Britian |
| Annex | a piece of a nation's land that another nation make a part of their own. |
| Annual catch | number of fish caught in a given year |
| Anti-Semitism | anti- Jewish feelings |
| Archipelago | chain of islands |
| Arctic | region around the North Pole |
| Armistice | temporary halt in fighting ; a truce |
| Assembly Line | Workers are set up at diffrent stations to each perform a diffrent portion of putting together an item |
| Astronomy | the science of studying the universe as a whole |
| Austraila | world smallest continent; single antion between Asia and Antarctia |
| Australian Capital Territory | territory in New South Wales that contains the national capital of Canberra |
| Authoritarian | describes a political system where people of a country must obey the ruling power |
| Axis powers | Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought against the Allies during World War 2 |
| Aztec | native people of central Mexico whose civilatization was at its height at the time of the spanish conquest in the early 16th century |
| Barter | the exchange of one good for another |
| Battle Of Stalingrad | location of World War 2 battle considered the bloddiest battle in human history |
| Bering Land Bridge | beringia; land that was once joined Siberia and Alaska |
| Berlin Wall | wall in Germany that separated East and West Berlin from 1961-1989 |
| Bicameral | legislature with two branches |
| Biodiversity | living organisms in an enviormental system |
| Bishop | a high offical in the Catholic Church |
| Boyar | part of the Russian noble class that owned land |
| Budget | a plan for how much money will be spent oin each type of item that a person must buy |
| Cabinet | group of people appointed by a president or prime minister to help with administrative advice |
| Caboclo | Brazilian-Portuguesse word for mestizo |
| Cajuns | Louisiana descendents of French Canadians |
| Campesino | peasent of Latin America; usually a Spanish speaking mestizo |
| Canadian Shield | plateau region of eastern Canada extending from the Great Lakes and the St. Lawerence river northward to the Artic ocean |
| Canberra | capital of Australia |
| Cannibal | person who eats human beings |
| Capital Goods | goods used in the production of commodities |
| Capitalism | econiomc system in which private owners control the production of goods and profits |
| Cargo | items carried in a ship, airplane, or vehicle |
| Cargo Cult | religion that believes goods or cargo from the West are gifts from the gods |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austrailia, Hungary, and the Ottman Empire that fought against the Allied powers during World War 1 |
| Christianity | religion whose followers practice Jesus' teachings |
| City-State | sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory |
| Classical Music | formal insturmental music deveolped in 18th cantury Europe that is a model of musical excellence |
| Climate Zone | area which, sue to latitude, alititude, Earth;s winds, and the oceans' currents, tends to have certain weather patterns year after year |
| Colony | a territory or body of people living in a new territory but retaining ties with the parent state |
| Cloumbian Exchange | widespread exchange of agrilcutural goods, livestock, slave labor, communicable diseases, and ideas between he Eastern and Western Hemispheres that occured after 1492 |
| Command Economy | an economy that is planned and contolled by a central administration |
| Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) | a 1991 free trade agreement amoung Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay |
| Compound Interest | interest computed in the as well as on the original principal |
| Concentration Camps | prisons where civilians, political prisoners, amd sometimes prisoners of war held, typically under harsh conditions |
| Confederation | group of confederates, especially of states or nations, united for a common purpose |
| Conquistador | conqueror, especially one of the 16th century spanish soliders who defeated the Indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America and Peru |
| Constitution | document stating basic laws to govern a country |
| constitutional Monarchy | form of goverment in which the king or qeen is limited by a constitution |
| Convento | convent or monastery in Spanish missions |
| cooperative | Busniess in Which capital, profits, and losses are shared equally amoung all those involved and all involved have equal rights |
| Corregidor | employee appointed and paid by Spanish monarchy to run a corregimiento |
| Corregimiento | ecomienda reclaimed by the Spanish monarchy |
| Coup D' etat | military takeover of a goverment |
| Credit | money that is borrowed |
| Criollo | person of Spanish descent born in Spain's American colonies; creole |
| Crustacean | common name for any of a group of family of invertebrates, including the crab, lobster, and shrimp |
| Cultural Diffusion | the spread of language and tradtions from one group to another |
| Cultural Exchange | sharing of culture between groups of people |
| Cultural Exchange | sharing of culture between groups of people |
| Culturally Diverse | many diffrent races, ethnicities, languages, and/or relgions existing within one place |
| Culture | way of life of a group of people; inculdes language, customs, belifs, traditions, and relgious practices |
| Currency | money |
| Currency Exchane Rate | the value relationship between two diffrent currencies; the ratio changes based on the economic and political standing of a country |
| Customs | rules of behavior that people follow within a culture |
| Czar | name for a ruler of Russia |
| D-Day | name given to dreatest seaborne invasion in history that occured on June 6, 1994; the Allies won and the Germans began to retreat |
| Deficit | a governing body spends more money than it brings in |
| Deforestation | act or process of removing trees from or clearing a forest |
| Democratic | describes a system in which people have a voice in government actions and can participate freely and equally in the decision-making process |
| Denomination | sect or grouping within a religion |
| Descendant | coming from or directly related to |
| Disciple | follower |
| Division of Labor | on an assembly line, each person has a seperate task to do and has the tools and skills on hand needed to do that task |
| Dot painting | Australian Aboriginal style of painting made from the dots instead of lines and shading |
| Dreaming | time of creation in the Austrialian Aboriginal relgion |
| Economies | socail science that deals with the production,distrubtion, and consumption of goods and services |
| Ecosystem | ecological community together with its enviroment, functioning as a unit |
| Embargo | a ban on trade with a country for political reasons |
| Econmienda | owner of the ecomienda; obliged to teach Christianity |
| Entrepreneur | person who is willing to take a risk to create busniess to sell a new techinque, idea, or product |
| Ethnic Group | people in a region who share ancestry, language, and culture |
| Euro | currency of the European Union |
| European Economic Community (EEC) | established in 1958 to control member nations' economies |
| European Theater | term used to refer to two areas of fighting during World War 2: the western front and the eastern front |
| European Union (EU) | evolved out of the EEC and has created one economic market out of the member nations' economies |
| Exporter | busniessperson who transports goods abroad |
| Export | to send items from one country to another by trade or sale |
| Fair Trade | the practice of a manufacturer and retailer agreeingon a price at which a product can be sold |
| Fascism | totalitarilan government that has complete control over its citizens' political, economic, religious, and cultural activities |
| Federal Government System | a system of government where in the national and state governments share power |
| Federal Parlimentary Democracy | system in which a central government is controlled by a democratically elected Parliament |
| Fedual Society | economic and social structure in Europe during the Middle Ages where a few ;prds owned much of the land and others had to work on the land for those lords |
| Figurehead | powerless head of state |
| First Nations | native people of Canada, related to people who came from Asia about 12,000 years ago |
| Fishery | place for catching fish |
| Free Trade | trade between nations without protective customs tariffs |
| Free trade Area of the Americans (FTAA) | an attempt to bring all of the countries in Central America and the West Indies into free trade with each other |
| French and Indian War | North American phase of a war between France and Britian to control colonial territory |
| Fresco | type of painting made by applying colored pigments to wet plaster |
| Fuhrer | Hitlers title in German, meaning leader |
| Glasnost | A russian term meaning ploitical openess |
| Global Warming | gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and pollutants; climate change |
| Governor | a person elected or appointed to act as ruler or head of a political unit |
| Governor-General | governor of a lrage territory who has other subordinate governors under hius or her jurisdiction |
| Great Barrier Reef | worlds largest coral reef off the coast of Queens;and, Austrailia, in the Coral Sea |
| Great Lakes | five lakes in central North America; the lakes are Superior, Micigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario |
| Great Sandy Desert | desert in Western Australia |
| Great victoria Desert | desert in South and Western Australia named after British Queen Victoria |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | the total amount of goods and services produced in a country |
| Guerrilla | Spanish for "little war" a person who engages in irregular warfare |
| Guerrilla Warfare | small mobile groups of non-government soldiers using tactics such as ambush, sabotage, spies, and swception to fight a larger goernment force such as an army or police force |
| Entrepreneur | person who is willing to take a risk to create busniess to sell a new techinque, idea, or product |
| Ethnic Group | people in a region who share ancestry, language, and culture |
| Euro | currency of the European Union |
| European Economic Community (EEC) | established in 1958 to control member nations' economies |
| European Theater | term used to refer to two areas of fighting during World War 2: the western front and the eastern front |
| European Union (EU) | evolved out of the EEC and has created one economic market out of the member nations' economies |
| Exporter | busniessperson who transports goods abroad |
| Export | to send items from one country to another by trade or sale |
| Fair Trade | the practice of a manufacturer and retailer agreeingon a price at which a product can be sold |
| Fascism | totalitarilan government that has complete control over its citizens' political, economic, religious, and cultural activities |
| Federal Government System | a system of government where in the national and state governments share power |
| Federal Parlimentary Democracy | system in which a central government is controlled by a democratically elected Parliament |
| Fedual Society | economic and social structure in Europe during the Middle Ages where a few ;prds owned much of the land and others had to work on the land for those lords |
| Figurehead | powerless head of state |
| First Nations | native people of Canada, related to people who came from Asia about 12,000 years ago |
| Fishery | place for catching fish |
| Free Trade | trade between nations without protective customs tariffs |
| Free trade Area of the Americans (FTAA) | an attempt to bring all of the countries in Central America and the West Indies into free trade with each other |
| French and Indian War | North American phase of a war between France and Britian to control colonial territory |
| Fresco | type of painting made by applying colored pigments to wet plaster |
| Fuhrer | Hitlers title in German, meaning leader |
| Glasnost | A russian term meaning ploitical openess |
| Global Warming | gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and pollutants; climate change |
| Governor | a person elected or appointed to act as ruler or head of a political unit |
| Governor-General | governor of a lrage territory who has other subordinate governors under hius or her jurisdiction |
| Great Barrier Reef | worlds largest coral reef off the coast of Queens;and, Austrailia, in the Coral Sea |
| Great Lakes | five lakes in central North America; the lakes are Superior, Micigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario |
| Great Sandy Desert | desert in Western Australia |
| Great victoria Desert | desert in South and Western Australia named after British Queen Victoria |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | the total amount of goods and services produced in a country |
| Guerrilla | Spanish for "little war" a person who engages in irregular warfare |
| Guerrilla Warfare | small mobile groups of non-government soldiers using tactics such as ambush, sabotage, spies, and swception to fight a larger goernment force such as an army or police force |
| Hacienda | ranch where farming and cattle ranching take place |
| Hajj | pilgrimage by muslims to Mecca |
| Holocaust | murder of Eouperan Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and dissenters by the Nazis during World War 2 |
| House of Commons | one of two governing bodies in the British parliament |
| House of Lords | one of two governing bodies in the British parliament |
| Hudson Bay | an inlet in northeast Canada that is 850 miles long |
| Hudson's Bay Company | powerful fur trading company that helped explore much of western Canada |
| Human capital | the value that people bring to the marketplace |
| Humanism | Renaissance idea that focuses on the importance of the individual |
| Hydroelectric power | electricty made from water moving through a dam |
| Ideology | ideas or theroies that guide indivuals, social movements, or groups of people |
| Illiteracy | inability to read and write |
| Imperialism | strategy by which a state tries to put other states under its political or economic control; colonialsim |
| Import | bring or carry in from an outside source, espically to bring in goods or materials from a foregin country for trade or sale |
| Import quota | a limit to the amount of a specific good that is imported |
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