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Anthropology Final
Final Exam - Sinelli
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where and when was H. habilis discovered? | Olduvai Gorge, 1960 |
| Who discovered H. habilis? | Louis Leakey |
| When do H. habilis fossils date? | 2.5-1.8 million years ago |
| What does H. habilis mean? | "Handy man" |
| What type of tools did H. habilis utilize? | Oldowan tools |
| What is the average brain size of H. habilis? | 631 cc |
| Describe OH7. | Specimen from Olduvai Gorge, 1.7mya |
| Describe O24. | "Twiggy" discovered in Tanzania, 1968 - 1.8mya |
| What do the postcranial remains of H. habilis suggest? | They had longer arms, shorter legs than modern man but still spent time in trees |
| Describe the Oldowan tool kit. | - Showed intellectual transition from australo to homo - Flakes shaped tools - Allowed for more meat in diet |
| When and where was H. rudolfensis discovered? | 1972, Koobi Fora, Kenya |
| Who discovered H. rudolfensis? | Richard Leakey |
| What are the fossil dates of H. rudolfensis? | 2 mya |
| What is the average brain size of H. rudolfensis? | 755 cc |
| H. rudolfensis vs. H. habilis | - Both originated 2 mya - Rudolfensis brain size much larger - Facial and teeth measurements differ |
| Give a brief summary of the early homo. | - Culture becomes important - Tool use becomes crucial to survival - More meat and a wider variety of plant food - Dietary plasticity improves chance of survival |
| What are the fossil dates of H. erectus? | 1.8-200,000 mya |
| What are the "firsts" associated with H. erectus? | - First species to leave Africa into Europe and Asia - First hominid adapted to both tropical and temperate climates - First to have average brain size over 1,000 cc |
| Explain "Turkana Boy." | - Africa H. erectus/ergaster - Found in 1984 by Richard Leakey - Was 6 feet tall - Tall, thin frame as adaptation for hot environment |
| When did H. erectus live in Dmnisi, Georgia? | 1.2 mya |
| What is the significance of Dmnisi, Georgia and H. erectus? | Most ancient undisputed human fossils outside of Africa |
| Give a brief history of "Java Man." | - Skullcap and femur discovered by Eugene Dubois - Discovered in Trinil, Java - named "Java Man" - Named "Pithecanthropus Erectus" = Upright Ape Man - Later renamed H. erectus |
| Where is Dragon Bone Hill? | China |
| When was it occupied and by whom? | 600,000-400,000 years ago; H. erectus |
| Who was Davidson Black? | The first person to perform studies in Dragon Bone Hill |
| What did Franz Weidenreich do for H. erectus? Why did he do this? | He made casts and drawing of material; Did this because remains of 40 individuals lost when Japan invaded China during WWII |
| What was discovered in Gran Dolina in Europe? | Stone tools, animal remains, and hominid fossils of H. erectus; MNI = 6, including a male juvenile cranium |
| What did the stone-tool cut marks on the animal and hominid fossils of Gran Dolina suggest? | Cannibalism amongst H. erectus |
| What are some of the general features of H. erectus? | - Pronounced brow ridge - Low forehead - Long and low brain case |
| What were some of the features of the Acheulian toolkit and why are they significant? | - Biface: works on both sides - Can cut, scrape, pound, dig - Target design: Standardization - Found with remains of large animals (hunting and butchering) |
| What are the differences between the Oldowan and Acheulian toolkits? | - The Acheulian toolkit is more defined than Oldowan - Shows capability of abstract thought and learning |
| What is the Movius Line? | - Theoretical line drawn across N. India - First proposed by Hallam L. Movius in 1948 - Showed technological difference between early prehistoric tool tech of the east and west of the Old World |
| What was the time frame of H. heidelbergensis? | 800,000-100,000 years ago |
| TRUE or FALSE: The height and weight of H. heidelbergensis is significantly different than modern humans. | FALSE |
| What was the average brain size of H. heidelbergensis? | 1,280 cc |
| Where was H. heidelbergensis found? | Africa, Asia, and Europe |
| What is the Mauer Jaw found in H. heidelbergensis? | - 1907 Mauer sandpits of Germany - Mandible with primitive traits (robust) and derived teeth (small molars) - ca 500,000 years old |
| What were some of the general features of H. heidelbergensis? | - Incipient (developing) chin - Massive brow ridges - Smaller, separated brows, higher cranial vault - Less prognathic face - Thinner vault bones |
| Provide a brief history of the Atapuerca site. | - H. heidelbergensis site from 400 kya - Dozens recovered from cave, remains appear intentionally deposited there around time of death |
| What was the fate for H. heidelbergensis? | - Africa: evolved into archaic H. sapiens - then into US! - Europe: evolved into H. neanderthalensis |
| When and where did H. neanderthalensis live? | 130,000-24,000 years B.P; Europe, Mid West, W. Asia |
| When and where was the first species of H. neanderthalensis discovered? | 1856; Neander Valley, Germany |
| How was H. neadnerthalensis viewed by science? | Thought to be a barbarian that lived in the area before Celtic and Germanic tribes, or a modern man with rickets |
| La Chapelle-aux-Saints: what was found, when was it found and by whom, and why is it important? | - Individual buried in fetal position, 1620 cc - 1908, who? - Showed brain development and respect for dead |
| Shanidar, Iraq: what was found, when was it found and by whom, and why is it important? | - 60,000 BP, 7 adults and 2 children, 4 burials; 45 year old found with trauma to leg and foot - ??? - Shows neanderthal capability for compassion |
| Kebara Cave, Israel: what was found, when was it found and by whom, and why is it important? | - 60,000 BP; modern Hyoid - Western Asia - Suggests larynx |
| What are some general neanderthal traits? | - 110-143 pounds - Height 4'9 to 5'6 - Robust, barrel chested, powerfully muscled - 1600 cc - All adaptations for colder climates |
| What will the extra credit question be about? | NEANDERTHAL JESUS |
| What are some neanderthal subsistence patterns? Who is Eric Trinkaus and how did he contribute to these findings? | - Hunters: Spears but no propulsion, had to get close to prey, - Gathering: Berries, nuts, plants - Eric Trinkaus's studies show patterns of injury similar to rodeo riders from hunting |
| Describe Mousterian tools. | - Shaved "core" shaped rock formed into what they needed at the time and eventually disposed of - Wear on teeth no longer found after Mousterian tools introduced, evidence of tool use |
| What is the difference between Anatomically Human Breeding and Neanderthal Breeding? | - Genome comparisons to modern DNA suggest limited interbreeding at about 100,000 ya in the Mid. East - Neanderthals contributed to modern gene pool in Asia and Europe - Data suggests 5-7% of shared Neanderthal DNA for Europeans, 2-3% for Asians |
| What does the "Out of Africa" model suggest about H. sapiens? | Argues that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing those archaic populations, like Neanderthals, without any interbreeding at all |
| What does the "Multiregional" model suggest about H. sapiens? | Argues that there was constant gene flow connecting Homo erectus through time, and that the transition to Homo sapiens happened in Africa, Asia, and Europe simultaneously as these populations interbred with one another |
| What model works best when describing evolution of H. sapiens? | The "Assimilation" model |
| Give a brief description of Herto, Ethiopia and H. sapiens. | - About 160,000 years old - Round skull - High forehead - Small Face |
| Give a brief description of Skhul, Israel and H. sapiens. | - Homo sapiens lived in this area 90,000 years ago - High forehead - Round globular skull |
| How and when did humans immigrate to Australia? | - There is evidence they constructed boats - 40,000 years ago - Mungo man is 40,000 years old |
| How and when did humans immigrate to America? | - When sea levels were low, walked from Asia to America - 11,500 years ago - Kennewick is 9,300 years ago (carbon dated) and was found in Washington state. He has a robust skull with large attachments for chewing muscles. |
| What effect did agriculture have on teeth? | - We evolved to have smaller teeth. - It did increase cavities because they are rich in carbohydrates (which causes bacteria to grow). - Could be fatal. |
| What effect did agriculture have on nutrition? | - A negative one. - Many of the foods they began growing lacked important nutrients. |
| What crops/animals were domesticated? | - Maize - Barley - Wheat - Dogs |
| Who proposed hunter-gatherers had more leisure time? | Richard Lee and Irven Devore |
| TRUE or FALSE: Humans are still evolving. | TRUE |
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