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History Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Homeland Of Islam | |
| Where was Islam originated? | Arabian Peninsula |
| Inhabited by who? | Nomadic Arabs |
| What's another name to call the Nomadic Arabs? | The Bedouins |
| What were the important trade routes that located along? | Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, etc. |
| What did they gave rise to? | Large commercial cities |
| What did they herded? | Sheep and camels |
| Where did they live? | Lived in fiercely independent clans and tribes |
| What did they often engaged in? | Violent wars with each other |
| There's a variety of what? | Variety of gods and ancestors/ nature spirits |
| What did they valued? | Valued personal bravery and group loyalty |
| Mecca | |
| What was Mecca known for? | Major commercial city |
| What was the Site of the Kaaba? | Most important religious shrine in Arabia |
| How many representations did they housed? | About 360 deities |
| Who ruled the tribe of Mecca? | The Quraysh |
| What did the Quraysh controlled? | Controlled access to the Kaaba |
| What did the Quraysh gained? | Gained wealth by taxing local trade |
| Arabia - Connections to the world | |
| What did they participate in? | Participations in long - distance trade |
| The locations was between what empires? | The Byzantine Empire (to the northwest) and the Persian Empire (to the northeast) |
| What were the Results of the trading? | Many jews, christians, and Zoroastrians lived among the Arabs in Arabia |
| What began to influenced the Arabs? | Their monotheistic ideas began. |
| The Messenger | |
| Who was the Messenger? | Muhammad (570 - 632 CE) |
| Where was he born? | Born in Mecca |
| From what family? | From a Quraysh |
| What was he? | He was a shepherd and a trader |
| What was happening around him? | Troubled by the religious corruption and social inequalities of Mecca |
| What did the often withdrew? | Often withdrew into the mountains to the meditate |
| What happen in 610 CE? | He had an overwhelming religious experienced |
| Similar to what? | Similar to the buddha and Jesus |
| What was he convince of? | He was convinced that he was Allah's messenger to the Arabs |
| What did Muhammad claimed to be? | Claimed to be the "seal of the prophets" |
| What did that claiming mean? | Meant he was the last in a long line of prophets, including Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others. |
| What did he say he had? | He said he had God's FINAL revelation to humankind. |
| What wasn't he trying to do? | Wasn't trying to start a new faith |
| What was the reality to it? | More of an invitation to return to the old and pure religion of Abraham |
| The Message | |
| When did Muhammad's revelations began? | Muhammad's revelations began in 610 CE and continued for the next 22 years. |
| What was recorded in the Quran? | The sacred scriptures of Islam |
| What was in the Monotheistic? | Allah is the only god |
| What was him? | All powerful creator |
| How was he? | Good, Just, and Merciful |
| What did he reject? | He rejected the other deities housed in the Kaaba. |
| What did he also reject? | Rejected the Christian idea of the Trinity |
| What was the first thing that the Quran rejected? | Hoarding of wealth and materialism |
| What was the second thing that the Quran rejected? | Exploitation of the poor |
| What was the third thing that the Quran rejected? | Corrupt business practices |
| What was the fourth thing that the Quran rejected? | Neglecting widows and orphans |
| What was the last thing that the Quran rejected? | Abuse of Women |
| What did the Quran demanded? | Social Justice, Equality, and Aid to the poor. |
| What was the primary obligation of all beliebers? | Submission to Allah |
| What did it involved? | Not only and individual or spiritual act, but also involved the creation of a whole new society. |
| What is Umma? | The community of all beliebers |
| What was Umma? | Just and moral society of Islam |
| What about it? | Would replace tribal, ethnic, or racial identities. |
| The message: 5 pillars of Islam | |
| What about the first pillar? | Faith: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God" |
| What about the second pillar? | Prayer: Should be performed 5 times daily while facing in the direction of Mecca. |
| What about the third pillar? | Almsgiving: Supporting the poor and needy of the community. |
| What about the fourth pillar? | Fasting: Occurs during month of Ramadan; no food, drink, or sexual relations from dawn to sundown. |
| What about the fifth pillar? | The Hajj: Pilgrimage of Mecca |
| The message: The 6th Pillar | |
| What was the 6th pillar referred to? | Jihad="Struggle" |
| What did the "Greater Jihad" mean? | Interior personal effort to avoid greed and selfishness, and to drive toward living a God-concious life. |
| What was the "Lesser jihad"? | "Jihad of the sword"= belief that the Quran authorized armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil. |
| In order to what? | In order to: establish Muslim rule and defend the Umma from the threats or infidel aggressors. |
| Transformation of Arabia | |
| Who was attracted by Muhammad's message? | Muhammad's message soon attracted opposition from Mecca's elite families. |
| What was the first thing that the Mecca's elite families didn't like about him? | Claim to be the "messenger of Allah" |
| What was the second thing that the Mecca's elite families didn't like about him? | Strict monotheism |
| What was the third thing that the Mecca's families didn't like about him? | Call for Social reform |
| What was the fourth thing that the Mecca's families didn't like about him? | Condemnation of business practices |
| What was the fifth thing that the Mecca's families didn't like about him? | Disloyalty to his own tribe (the Quraysh) |
| What did it caused? | Caused Muhammad and his followers to go off to Medina |
| What happen during that time? | This is where Umma took shape |
| The Islamic Community | |
| What was Muhammad during that time? | Religious and political leader; also led the military |
| What happen to the Islamic Community? | Expanded throughout Arabia |
| By what was expanded? | Military conquest, Marriage alliances with leading tribes, and Voluntary conversion |
| What happen by 632? | Muhammad's death and most of Arabia took over the Islamic Community. |
| Islamic Law | |
| There was no distinction between what? | Religious law and civil law |
| What was ONE LAW? | The Sharia |
| What did it do? | Regulated every aspect of life |
| European Christendom: Byzantine Empire | |
| The Fall of the Roman Empire | |
| What happened in 395 CE? | Final division of Roman Empire into eastern and western halves. |
| What happened in 476? | End of the western Roman Empire |
| Who remained intact? | Eastern half remained intact= the Byzantine Empire (aka Byzantium) |
| Western Europe After Rome | |
| What happened? | Roads in disrepair, Cities falling apart, Central government broke down, Long distance trade stopped, and People moved to rural areas. |
| What was still dominant? | Christianity still dominant=Roman catholicism |
| The Byzantine Empire | |
| How was the government? | Unified and centralized government |
| What was the capital? | Capital= Constantinople |
| What was the religion? | Eastern Orthodox Christianity |
| What was attempted? | Attempted to preserve some elements of the Roman Empire |
| What did they enjoyed? | Enjoyed many advantages that allowed it to stay intact, unlike the western Roman Empire |
| What were some advantages ? | Wealthier and more urbanized, More defensible capital; Constantinople was walled in. |
| What were some other advantages? | Shorter frontier to guard, Stronger army and navy, Strong leaders and clever diplomacy |
| Preservation of the Roman Empire | |
| What were the Elements of the Roman Empire within Byzantium? | Roads, Taxation System, Military structures, Centralized administration, Laws and court system, Roman- style robes and sandals. |
| But what happen ? | A lot changed as well. |
| The Byzantine State | |
| The byzantine state was never larges as the? | As the Roman Empire |
| Reached it's largest size during the reign of? | Emperor Justinian |
| Lost many territories due to what? | Arab/Muslim expansion in the 7th century= Syria/Palestine, Egypt. and North Africa |
| What did they still controlled? | The eastern Mediterranean, Greece, the balkans. and Anatolia |
| Political State of byzantine | |
| Who was Empress Theodora? | Justinian's wife |
| What was going on on the centralized authority in Constantinople? | Emperor viewed as "God's earthly representative" |
| What was the imperial court filled with? | Filled with grandeur, wealth, and court ceremonies. |
| What authority did the generals had within the provinces? | Provinces within the empire ruled by generals who had civil authority and could raise their own armies |
| What did the government focused on? | Focused on: Collecting taxes, maintaining order, and suppressing revolts. |
| What did not become heavily involved? | Did not become heavily involved in the lives most people. |
| When did it start facing invasions? | After 1085 CE |
| From whom? | Catholic Crusaders from Western Europe and Turkic Muslims invaders |
| When did the empire officially fell? | Empire officially fell when Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453 |
| The byzantine Church | |
| What was the Caesaropapism? | Church and state were connected |
| What was different from the Western Europe? | The Roman catholic Church was independent from optical authorities |
| What did the Emperor do? | Emperor assumed roles of head of state and head of the Church. |
| What were other things that the emperor do? | Appointed church leaders, Called church councils into session, Made decisions about religious doctrine/rule, Treated the church as government department. |
| What did the eastern Christianity provide? | Provided a cultural identity for people within the byzantine Empire. |
| What was the empire filled with? | Empire (especially Constantinople) filled with churches, relics of saints, and icons. |
| What were the icons? | Religious painting of jesus, Mary, and other saints/holy figures. |
| How was the eastern orthodox related to the Roman Catholic Christianity? | Eastern orthodox came from the roman empire originally, so it shares many common elements with Roman Catholic Christianity |
| What were some of the elements? | Teachings of jesus, The bible, The sacrament,s A church hierarchy with patricians, bishops, and priest. |
| What were some other elements? | Missionaries, and Intolerance toward other religions |
| What are some facts about the Eastern Orthodox? | Byzantine empire, Greek, Priest grew long beards, priest could get married, Rejected the authority of the pope of rome. |
| What are some facts about the Roman Catholic? | Western Europe, Latin, Priests shaves, priest=celibate, Accepted the Roman Pope as the Sole authority for Christians everywhere. |
| When did the further separation came between the Eastern orthodox church and Roman catholic church? | 1054 |
| What about both churches? | Both churches excommunicated each other, Declared that those in the opposing christian tradition were not real christians. |
| Byzantium & the world | |
| What did the byzantium face? | Faced many threats from outsiders. |
| Who were the outsiders? | Persian Empire, Arab armies/ the islamic world, Crusaders from Western Europe, |
| What was the biggest military weapon? | "Greek fire" |
| What was the weapon like? | Combination of oil soil, sulfur, and lime launched from bronze tubes, and worked like a flamethrower. |
| What was happening in Eurasia? | Central player in long-distance trade of Eurasia. |
| By who were the products made? | Products made by Byzantine craftspeople in high demand. |
| What were the products? | Jewelry, Gemstones, Silver and gold work, Purple dyes, Linen, woolen, and silk textiles, |
| What about Aristotle? | Significant cultural influence in the world. |
| What did he do? | Preserved ancient Greek learning and transmitted it to the Islamic world and Western Europe. |
| What did he also do? | Impacted scientist, Philosophers, theologians, and intellectuals. |
| What spread? | Spread of Eastern Orthodox religion --> especially to Slavic - speaking peoples in the Balkans and Russia. |
| Who created the slavic alphabet? | Cyril and Methodius |
| What did they called it? | Cyrillic script |
| What was significant about their creation? | Made it possible to translate the bible and other religious texts, and helped in mass conversion. |
| What was the alphabet called? | Cyrillic Alphabet |
| Conversion of Russia | |
| What was the Most significant expansion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity? | To kievan Rus |
| When did it happen? | Modern-day Ukraine and western Russia |
| What was the major city? | Kiev |
| How was the society? | Highly stratified society |
| By who was ruled? | It was ruled by many different princes |
| Who was prince Vladimir? | Prince of kiev |
| What about Prince Vladimir? | Wanted to bring a new faith to Rus that would unify the many diverse people of the region. |
| What did also wanted to do? | He also wanted to link Rus into wider networks of communication and exchange in the world. |
| Why was Prince Vladimir drawn to Eastern Orthodox Christianity? | The splendor and wealth of Constantinople. and the beauty of eastern orthodox churches |
| What did he received as a result of this conversion? | A sister of the byzantine emperor as a bride, Byzantine priest and advisors. |
| What did the kievan Rus adopted? | Kievan Rus consequently adopted many byzantine cultural elements. |
| What were some of the elements? | Architectural styles, Cyrillic alphabet, Use of icons, Monastic tradition stressing prayer and service, Idea of imperial/ state control of the church. |
Created by:
estephaniezun2019
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