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VTT A&P
Cardiovascular/Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart? | Artery |
| Which type of blood vessel carries blood toward the heart? | Vein |
| What are the two parts of the cardiovascular system? | Pulmonary (lung) circulation, Systemic (body) circulation |
| Which part of the cardiovascular system carries blood to and from the left rear leg of a pony? | Systemic |
| List three structures found in the mediastinum? | Heart, , blood vessels, the thoracic portion of the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus in young animals, lymph nodes, and nerves |
| What is the mediastinum? | The space between the two lungs |
| Which is located more caudally in a standing pig, the base or the apex of the heart? | Apex |
| What is the difference between the endocardium and the pericardium? | The pericardium surrounds the heart while the endocardium lines the internal surface of the myocardium. |
| Which sits closer to the base of the heart, the left atrium or the right ventricle? | Left atrium |
| What is the name of the structure that is a continuation of the myocardium that forms a wall between the two atria? | Interatrial septum |
| What is the name of the structure that is a continuation of the myocardium that forms a wall between the two ventricles? | Interventricular septum |
| Why is the wall of the right ventricle thinner than the wall of the left ventricle? | Because the blood in the right ventricle goes to the lungs and doesn't have to go as far as the blood in the left ventricle which goes to the rest of the body including the toes. |
| What is another name for the right atrioventricular valve? | Tricuspid valve |
| What is another name for the left atrioventricular valve? | Bicuspid/Mitral Valve |
| What is another name for the semilunar valve of the left ventricle? | Aortic valve |
| What is another name for the semilunar valve of the right ventricle? | Pulmonary valve |
| What is the function of the chordae tendonae? | to keep the valves from inverting under the pressure of the blood that fills the chambers of the heart. |
| List, in order, the structures an erythrocyte will pass through (including valves) to move in a complete circuit from where it is returning from the body. | Vena Cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, Pulmonary semilunar valve, Pulmonary artery, Lungs, Pulmonary veins, left atrium, Bicuspid valve, Left ventricle, aortic valve, Aorta, systemic circulation |
| What is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it located? | Sinoatrial (SA) node, wall of the right atrium |
| What are the four conductors that make up the rapid conduction system for an impulse created by the hearts pacemaker? | Sinoatrial (SA) node, Atrioventricular (AV) node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fiber system |
| The working phase of a cardiac cycle is what? | Systole |
| What generates the impulse that results in muscle contraction? | The Sinoatrial (SA) node |
| What is happening in the other three heart chambers during left atrial diastole? | Right atrial diastole, left & right ventricular systole |
| When the mitral valve is forced closed it produces part of which heart sound? Is the first or second sound? | "Lub" 1st |
| Stroke volume is a measurement of what? | The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction or systole. |
| If the cardiac output and stroke volume both decrease what has to happen to the heart rate to achieve equilibrium? | It has to increase |
| What is the difference between the preload and the afterload in reference to the stroke volume? | Preload is the volume of blood that the ventricle receives from the atrium while afterload is the physical resistance it encounters. |
| How could mitral valve stenosis affect the stroke volume? | It could lead to incomplete filling of the ventricle which would decrease the stroke volume |
| From the aortic valve in the left ventricle to the right atrium, what are, in order, the types of blood vessels a drop of blood will pass through | Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| The coronary artery is the first branch off the aorta, is it a muscular or elastic artery? Why? | Elastic, because it has to be able to stretch and recoil without damage each time a surge of blood is ejected from a ventricle during ventricular systole |
| In a pregnant ewe, which are the only two veins that are carrying oxygenated blood? | Pulmonary Vein and Umbilical Vein |
| What two bypass structures are found in the fetus that allow most of its blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation? | Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus |
| What is the skeleton of the heart? | Four dense fibrous connective tissue rings located between the atria and the ventricles. |
| What are the primary functions of the skeleton of the heart? | Separate the atria and ventricles, anchor the heart valves, provide a point of attachment for the myocardium, and provide some electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles |
| What are the three common venipuncture sites in cats? | Jugular vein, cephalic vein, femoral vein (medial surface) |
| What is the general name for the flap of connective tissue that makes up a heart valve? | Auricle |
| What are the little cords of connective tissue that attach the free edges of an atrioventricular valve to the walls of the ventricle? | Chordae tendonae |
| How many cusps does the mitral valve have? | Two |
| Does the right or left ventricle of the heart have the thicker muscle? | Left |
| How many cusps does the right atrioventricular valve have? | Three |
| What valves are also known as the semilunar valves? | (Right) Pulmonary Valve and (Left) Aortic Valve |
| What valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery? | Pulmonary (semilunar) Valve |
| What is the name for the wide cranial end of the heart? This is the area where the arteries and veins enter and exit? | Base |
| What is the name for the caudal, pointed end of the heart, which contains the left ventricle? | Apex |
| Is a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart an afferent or efferent blood vessel? | Efferent |
| Is a blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart an afferent or efferent blood vessel? | Afferent |
| Doses the right or left side of the heart pump blood to the lungs? | Right |
| Does the right or left side of the heart receive blood from the body (systemic circulation)? | Right |
| What vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart? | Pulmonary Vein |
| What is the valve between the left ventricle and the largest systemic artery? | Aortic (semilunar) Valve |
| What is the name of the largest systemic artery? | Aorta |
| Is the vena cava an afferent or efferent blood vessel? | Afferent |
| Is the aorta an afferent or efferent blood vessel? | Efferent |
| Is the blood in the aorta oxygen rich or oxygen poor? | Oxygen Rich |
| Is the blood in the vena cava oxygen rich or oxygen poor? | Oxygen Poor |
| Is the blood in the pulmonary artery oxygen rich or oxygen poor? | Oxygen poor |
| What artery supplies blood to the head? | Common Carotid |
| What vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs? | Pulmonary Artery |
| What is the largest vein in the body? | Vena Cava |
| What superficial vessels (an artery and a vein) lie on the medial surface of the inner thigh? | Femoral Artery & Femoral Vein |
| What vein runs up the cranial surface of the forelimb below the elbow? | Cephalic Vein |
| What vein is located just distal to the femoral vein on the hind leg? | Medial Saphenous Vein |
| What vein is most commonly used for drawing blood when a large volume is needed? | Jugular Vein |
| What vein curves up the lateral surface of the hindlimb just above the hock? | Lateral Saphenous Vein |
| What blood vessels, which supply blood to the hindlimbs, does the abdominal aorta bifurcate | Right and Left Iliac arteries |
| Is the jugular vein an afferent or efferent blood vessel? | Afferent |
| Is the color of arterial blood dark red or bright red? | Bright Red |
| Why is the color of arterial blood bright red? | Because it's highly oxygenated |
| Does venous blood spurt or ooze from a damaged vein? Why? | Ooze, because it's under less pressure than an artery since it's going to the heart instead of away |
| Does arterial blood spurt or ooze from a damaged artery? Why? | Spurt, because it's under pressure from the contractions of the ventricles |
| What is the fluid in which all the elements of the cardiovascular system live called? | Plasma |
| What component of blood is responsible for moving oxygen from place to place? (planes, trains, automobiles) | Erythrocytes |
| What component of blood are considered to be the first responders to a vessel wall injury? | Thrombocytes |
| What structure has the function of moving blood and everything it carries through and animal's body? | The heart |
| What structures carry blood away from the heart? | Arteries |
| What structures carry blood toward the heart? | Veins |
| Which side of the heart controls the pulmonary circulation, receiving deoxygenated blood and pumping it into the lungs via the pulmonary artery where it becomes oxygenated? | Right |
| Which side of the heart controls the systemic circulation and receives oxygenated blood from the lungs to pump it to the rest o the body via the aorta? | Left |
| What is the mediastinum? | The area in the middle of the thoracic cavity where the heart sits |
| When an animal is standing where is the heart located? | Between the elbows |
| What is the fibrous sac that surrounds the heart called? | Pericardium |
| What part of the pericardium is a little loose so the heart can beat, but not elastic enough to allow the heart to become abnormally enlarged? | Pericardial (Fibrous) Sac |
| What is the smooth, moist part of the serous pericardium called? | Parietal Layer |
| What fills the pericardial space and lubricates the two membranes, preventing friction as they rub together during contractions and relaxations of the heart? | Pericardial Fluid |
| What is the thickest muscle layer of the wall of the heart called? | Myocardium |
| Why do heart muscles not fatigue? | Because they are autorhythmic |
| What is the outermost layer of the heart wall called? | Epicardium/visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
| What is composed of thin, flat squamous epithelium and lies on the internal surface of the myocardium? | Endocardium |
| What chamber receives blood into the heart? | Atria |
| What chamber pumps blood out of the heart? | Ventricles |
| What is the blind pouch that comes off the main part of the atria called? | Auricle |
| What is visible on the outside of the heart and contains coronary blood vessels? It is frequently filled with fat. | Interventricular Sulcus (Groove) |
| What prevents backflow of blood into the chambers of the heart? | The valves of the heart closing at specific times |
| What causes the tricuspid valve to open? | They open when the pressure from the amount of blood in the right atrium exceeds that in the right ventricle. |
| What is formed by the joining of the coronary veins in order to return blood to the circulation? | Coronary sinus |
| What is an infection of the pericardium that usually progresses to heart failure and death? | Septic Pericarditis |
| True or False: A transplanted heart can function well even without the nerve supply of the body? | True |
| What may occur spontaneously and cause excess fluid to accumulate in the pericardial sac? | Pericardial Effusion |
| What often accompanies Pericardial Effusion and causes a less complete cardiac filling, decreasing the stroke volume and cardiac output? | Cardiac Tamponade |
| What activity occurs when the synchronized contraction of the heart is lost and the heart receives electrical currents from more than one direction? | Ectopic pacemaker activity |
| What is the process by which Na+ and Ca+ ions move through channels from the exterior to the interior of the cell ions and K+move from the interior to the exterior? | Depolarization |
| What is the term for a contraction of the myocardium? | Systole |
| What is the term for relaxation and repolarization of the myocardium? | Diastole |
| What produces the Lub sound? | The AV valves snapping shut |
| What produces the Dub sound? | The semilunar valves closing |
| What side of the animal are heart sounds usually best heard? | Left |
| What is the sound heard when cardiac valves do not close all the way? | Murmur |
| What is the condition where the valves do not open all the way? | Valvular stenosis |
| What is the measure of blood output from the left over a unit of time , usually 1 minute? | Cardiac output |
| What determines cardiac output? | Stroke volume and heart rate |
| What are the smallest branches in the arterial tree? | arterioles |
| Oxygenated blood flows through what vessel from the mother to the developing fetus? | Umbilical Vein |
| What is the number in the blood pressure reading, produced by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle into systemic circulation by way of the aorta? | Systolic |
| On an electrocardiogram what is the time it takes the wave of depolarization to travel from the SA node through the aorta? | P wave |
| On an electrocardiogram what represents the time of the ventricular depolarization? | QRS complex |
| On an electrocardiogram what represents the time of ventricular relaxation? | T wave |
| What is an especially useful method of evaluating the relative size of the heart chambers, thickness of the myocardium, and the functioning of the valves? | two dimensional echocardiogram |
| What is the most commonly used site of venipuncture in dogs and cats? It runs between the elbow and the carpus on the craniomedial aspect of the forelimb. | Cephalic vein |
| What two vessels lie close together, meaning care must be taken to avoid accidental injection into one due to the fact the vessel carries blood quickly to the brain? | Jugular Veins and Carotid arteries (avoid the Carotid) |
| What vessel can be found on lactating dairy cattle, along the ventral aspect of each side of the abdomen from the udder to the level of the sternum and must NEVER be used for venipuncture? Why not? | Superficial Caudal Epigastric Vein (Milk Vein), because it is small, thin-walled, and prone to excess bleeding and hematoma formation which may lead to the develoment of an abscess |
| What can be found on a rodent, along the ventral midline of the tail, and can be used for venipuncture? | The coccygeal vein |
| What are the two fibrous connective tissue bands in the larynx that vibrate as air passes over them to produce sound? | Vocal cords |
| What structure is also known as the windpipe? | Trachea |
| What is the thin dome-shaped muscle that forms the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities called? | Diaphragm |
| What is the structure that is a short, irregular tube of cartilage and muscle that connects the pharynx and the trachea? | Larynx |
| What is the point at which the trachea divides into the two primary bronchi called? | It is the bifurcation of the trachea |
| What structure opens into the larynx? | Glottis |
| What is another name for the nostrils? | Nares |
| What forms the midline barrier that separates the left and right nasal passages? | Nasal Septum |
| What is the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts? | Pharynx |
| The vocal cords attach to what cartilaginous structures in the larynx? | Arytenoid Cartilages |
| What are the convoluted passageways in the nose that conduct air between the nostrils and pharynx called? | Nasal Passageways |
| What are the thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity called? | Nasal turbinates (aka nasal conchae) |
| What are the microscopic, thin-walled sacs in the lung, that are surrounded by networks of capillaries called? | Alveoli |
| What is the outpouching of the nasal passage that is housed within a space in a skull bone called? | Paranasal Sinuses |
| What is also referred to as a subdivision of the lung? | Lobes of the lung |
| What are the two steps needed for respiration to take place in an animal's body and where do they occur? | External respiration - occurs in the lungs & Internal respiration - occurs all over the body |
| Why is internal respiration consider to be the business end of respiration? | Because it's the means by which the body's cells receive the O2 they need to get rid of the waste CO2 they prodcue |
| What are the secondary functions that the respiratory functions perform that are important to an animal's well-being? | Voice production, body temperature regulation, acid-base balance regulation, and the sense of smell |
| In addition to the larynx and vocal cords what structures enhance phonation? | The thorax (chest cavity), nose, mouth, pharynx(throat), and sinuses contribute resonance & other characteristics to the vocal sounds |
| Why is the Acid-base balance an important homeostatic mechanism in the body? | For normal chemical reactions to occur in the cells, the relative acidity or alkalinity of their environment must be controlled carefully. |
| How does the respiratory system contribute to the process of acid-base control? | It does this by it's ability to influence the amount of CO2 in the blood, the more CO2 there is the in the blood the lower the blood pH & the more acidic the blood. |
| True or False: The nasal passages are just simple tubes. | False, their linings are convoluted & full of twists and turns because of the presence of turbinates |
| What are the turbinates? | two scroll-like bones covered with nasal epithelium that occupy most of the lumen of the nasal passageways |
| How are the type of cells lining the nasal passages critical to their function? | It consist of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia projecting from the cell surfaces into a layer of mucus. An extensive layer of complex blood vessels lies just below the surface. This helps to warm, humidify, and filter the air |
| How can sinuses be clinically significant? | They become inflamed and swollen as a result of allergies, infections, tumors, & so on. The openings may swell shut or become plugged with inflammatory debris in which case fluids build up and the pressure can be painful. |
| Why is it easy to choke if an animal tries to swallow and breathe at the same time? | Because the pharynx is the common passage way for the respiratory & digestive tracts it must allow for both breathing and swallowing so timing is everything. If you try to swallow while breathing it may enter the lungs. |
| What are the three main functions of the larynx? | Aside from its role as part of the upper airway, the larynx has 3 main functions: voice production, prevention of foreign material being inhaled, & control of airflow to and from the lungs. |
| True or False: Roaring (in horses) is actually due to a paralysis. | True, its scientific name is laryngeal hemiplegia & it means paralysis of half of the larynx and is actually paralysis of the muscles that tighten the arytenoid cartilages & vocal cords on one side of the larynx (usually the left) |
| What is the reason for the variation of techniques when passing ET tubes for different species? | The ability to visualize the soft palate |
| What can aspiration of foreign material in an anesthetized patient cause? | Aspiration pneumonia |
| Why must we protect an animal from aspiration during anesthetization? | Because the loose their swallowing reflex as they become anesthetized & due to position can often inhale foreign material into their lungs such as regurgitated stomach contents |
| What is the substance in thin layer of fluid that lines each alveolus and what does it do? | Surfactant, it helps reduce surface tension & prevents alveolar collapse as they move in and out during breathing |
| True or False: The lungs of the fetus are nonfunctional at birth. | True, because the fetus floats in fluid. They develop along with everything else, but it isn't until after birth that alveoli expand into their saclike shapes |
| What muscles are responsible for expiration? | Abdominals and Internal intercostals |
| What muscles are responsible for inspiration? | External intercostals and the diaphragm |
| How do the external intercostals cause inspiration? | They increasing the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs. |
| How do the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles cause expiration? | They decrease the thoracic cavity forcing air out of the lungs |
| The quantity of air involved in respiration can be described by what four terms? | Tidal Volume, Minute Volume, Residual Volume |
| What is Tidal Volume? | The volume of air inspired and expired during one breath |
| What is Minute Volume? | the volume of air inspired and expired during 1 minute |
| What is Residual Volume? | The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration |
| How does partial pressure of gasses explain how and why respiratory gasses diffuse? | Gasses will diffuse from high concentrations to low concentrations so the amount of O2 will move where there are lower amounts of O2 and same for CO2 |
| How do the voluntary respiratory muscles carry out the seemingly automatic activity of breathing? | Within the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata the level of CO2, O2, and ph of the blood are monitored and when one of them is out of balance the brain triggers actions such as sighing or yawning to modify our breathing and change the levels |
| What stimulates coughing? | Irritation & foreign matter in the trachea or bronchi |
| What stimulates sneezing? | Irritation in the nasal passages |
| What stimulates yawning? | O2 being too low in the blood, also possibly boredom, drowsiness, and fatigue |
| What stimulates sighing? | It may be a mild corrective action when the blood level of O2 gets too low or CO2 gets too high, it may also serve to expand the lungs more than the normal breath pattern does |
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Adeprey4311
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