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Tudor History
A Level History, including Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Edward VI is seen as highly confident, intelligent and opinionated even through childhood. Give some examples of this. | He demanded the fourth sword at his coronation which represented the Bible. He had an interest in the military and foreign treaties He would scribble notes in Greek He was always serious and self disciplined He didn't follow the usual Tudor Coronation |
| Edward VI came to the throne at the age of 9. He couldn't rule by himself as he hadn't reached his majority. What were the fears of minority rule? | Lack of experience and knowledge, Would he have the authority? Easier to influence, Potential lack of support, Was the throne completely secure? |
| Who were the two people who essentially ruled for Edward during his minor years? | Earl of Somerset - The Lord Protector Duke of Northumberland - The Lord President |
| What were some of Somerset's Policies? | Foreign Policy was to continue a costly war with both France and Scotland, Economy was to continue the use of debasement to pay for the war, Social Order included the controversial enclosure policy, Religion was to move towards Protestantism |
| What were the results of Somerset's Foreign and Religious Policies ? | The war ended up with the French taking back Boulogne, which resulted in more debasement for garrisoning Scotland. Religion included the introduction of English preaching, English Prayer book and the Act of Uniformity. |
| What were the results of Somerset's Economic and Social Policies? | The population was rising quicker than farming could keep up with. Wages were suffering and their value dropped by 50% over the decade. English exports should've done well with the drop in value of the £ abroad, but this was disrupted due to the war. |
| What happened to Somerset in 1549? | He was faced with removal from the council as he wasn't considered competent for the role. He took Edward with him to Windsor Castle where he was arrested and banished from the Council. He was executed in 1552. |
| Who succeeded in removing and replacing Somerset? | Duke of Northumberland - The Lord President |
| What were the Religious policies Northumberland had? | He integrated himself with Edward's views, He agreed to allow the Act of 42 Articles |
| What were the Social and Economic policies Northumberland had? | He changed the coinage to try and help the economy - instead it resulted in a collapse of exports in 1551. Economic reforms were ineffective, however the new coinage slowed down inflation and helped improve the social condition. |
| What was Northumberland's Foreign Policy? | He surrendered the down of Boulogne and withdrew English troops from the Scottish garrisons. He kept England out of military disasters by doing this, even if the policy was bad for England's reputation and its low popularity. |
| What were some things included in the first part Edward's Religious Settlement, which included removing Catholic practice from practice? | Royal Visitation, where Commissioners checked the state of the Church and Clergy. Royal Injunctions, ordered that priests preached in English. Chantries Act, Condemned praying for the dead. Treason Act repeal, hearsay, censorship removed. |
| What were some of the other policies in the second phase of Edward's Religious Settlement? | All images to be removed from the church, like stain glass windows. Only authorised clergy allowed to preach. Introduced instructions on how to preach. |
| What were some of the other policies in the third phase of Edward's Religious Settlement? | The First Prayer Book was introduced, outlined the form of worship. Act of Uniformity passed which reinforced the First Prayer Book. Stone Alters were removed and replaced with wood ones. New Treason Act made it illegal to question the royal superemacy |
| What were some of the other policies in the completion of Edward's Religious Settlement? | 2nd Prayer Book introduced, highly protestant removing all traces of Catholicism. 2nd Act of Uniformity, enforced 2PB made it an offence for clergy not to attend church. Catechism produced, was a manual on the beliefs of the church. |
| What is some of the evidence to prove Edward VI was a protestant? | He was always surrounded by protestants during his time growing up and would've been influenced by them. The fact that he wanted these changes may also point to that Somerset and Northumberland were influencing him. |
| What were the two rebellions Edward faced? | Kett's Rebellion Western Rebellion |
| What were the causes of the Western Rebellion? | The forced introduction of the Common Book of Prayer. |
| What were the demands of the Rebels? | The removal of the Common Book of Prayer The reintroduction of Catholicism, The Act of Six Articles and Prayers for the Dead. |
| What were the causes of Kett's Rebellion? | The introduction of enclosure and higher rent, the agricultural issues and poor local government. |
| What were the demands of the Rebels? | The removal of enclosure and more controlled rent. Solving the issue of better local government. |
| Were any of these rebellions a threat to Edward? | *Think for yourself here* |
| What was the Succession Crisis? | Edward had fallen critically ill and was very likely to die from his illness. It was a problem that was to stop Mary from gaining the crown, as she was Catholic, instead it would go to Lady Jane Grey. |
| What was some of the evidence that the solution was Edwards doing? | The solution was written by his hand, He ordered the document to be written up. |
| What was some of the evidence that the solution was Northumberland's doing? | He made sure all of the important people signed it. Northumberland made sure his son married Jane Grey. |
| Why did Northumberland fail to keep Mary from succeeding the throne? | Mary had the support of the people and Northumberland was unpopular. Mary had the true claim to the throne. As Edward hadn't reached his majority his will was inferior to Henry VIII's. Northumberland left the security of the Privy Council in Cambridge |
| What was Mary's personality like? | Strongly conservative Very routine Would always pray |
| What were the problems Mary would face right away? | Convincing the Privy Council to accept her Restoring her legitimacy Choosing her Privy Councillors Marry Deal with Northumberland and his supporters. |
| What were the problems that would dominate Mary's reign? | Restoring Catholicism. Looking after her health. Defending Calais. Having Children |
| What were Mary's priorities? | 1. Catholicism 2. The Succession 3. Defending English territory (the realm) |
| What were some of Mary's successes? | Acclaimed the throne and removed Northumberland. Got her legitimacy back. Mary married Philipe of Spain. Crushing the Wyatt Rebellion. Reuniting England with the Roman Catholic Church. Philipe returning to England. |
| What were some of Mary's failiures? | 1555 and 1556 harvest failure resulted in famine. Widespread sickness and death in England. Calais surrendered to the French. Influenza epidemic. Dealing with her own health. Philipe leaving for the Netherlands. |
| What is a trend with Mary's failures? | That they most of them were out of her own control. |
| What were some of the causes of the Wyatt Rebellion? | People were sceptical of the marriage between Mary I and King Philipe of Spain. They were concerned about England becoming a colony of Spain and the marriage would produce a part Spanish heir. |
| What could've been some of the other causes of the Wyatt Rebellion? | Ongoing economic hardships. Local political instability. |
| Mary wanted to join the Roman Catholic Church and English Church together again. What were some of the problems she faced doing this? | Does the Pope want England back? Privy Council had benefitted from the break. Pope could want all the land back. The people had changed their beliefs. |
| How would've the Protestants been dealt with by Mary? | Persuading them to become Catholic. or Persecuting them. |
| How would've Mary and Pole have persuaded people to join the Catholic Church? | The church would have strong leadership, the clergy were subject to regular, random visits to check on the clergy. Censorship was used against the protestant writings and teachings. The policy of burning the protestants and their books. |
| What were some of the strengths with this strategy? | Clergy would behave at all times as they wouldn't know when a check up would be. It also got rid of some corruption as Priests would only have one parish. |
| What were the weaknesses with this strategy? | It needed time to work and Mary wasn't prepared to wait to get her way, her health was also in decline. It was only encouraged, not obligatory, that bishops inspected their parishes. There were still enough books for a underground religion. |
| Mary chose to persecute the protestants. What was the point of this and what were the repercussions? | The purpose was to show that she was in control and targeted areas that had large populations of protestants. People started to question why the protestants were willing to die as martyrs and helped unify them. It led to her decline in popularity. |
| What is some of the evidence that the burnings were assisting Mary? | Large numbers of people saw the event and how serious it was. There were only a few clergy men who were burnt. It created fear amongst the protestants. The protestants abroad never formed a collective interest. |
| What is some of the evidence that the burning didn't help Mary? | Some deaths, like Taylor and Rogers cited widespread sympathy. The humble status of the victims seem to strengthen the impact of their martyrdom. The PC banned servants, apprentices and young people from attending the burnings. |
| Was the Marian reintroduction of Catholicism a success? | She joined the churches together. Only 280 people were burnt, which is very insignificant. Parliament repealed anti-Papal legislation. |
| Was the Marian reintroduction of Catholicism a failure? | England returned to Protestantism a few year later. Local government didn't enforce Mary's laws. |
| When did Mary I die and who succeeded her? | November 1558, she was succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I. |
| What was the personality of Elizabeth I? | Strong willed with no tolerance. Good commander and leader. Wants power for herself. Concerned for her image. |
| What were some of the problems Elizabeth I faced? | Changing England's religious position. She wouldn't have children (although she wanted a child). The Pope didn't recognise her and wanted her dead. Ageing wasn't kind in the latter years. |
| What was Elizabeth concerned about with the prospect of marriage? | Handing over power. Who to choose. Had no experience. Liked being her own woman. The supposed perceived vulnerability of women. |
| What were the issues that divided the council in Elizabeth's reign? (1562-1581) | 1562 - wanting to meet MQS. Feared for her safety. 1567 -Eliz. choice to marry Charles of Austria. 1570 - what to do about MQS in England. 1578 - give military aid to protestants in Netherlands? 1581 - Eliz. choice to marry Alencon + protest over it. |
| What were the issues that divided the council in Elizabeth's reign? (1586-1590s) | 1586 - pushing Elizabeth to sign a death warrant against MQS. 1590s - Essex rebels against Elizabeth and the Council, he is defeated and executed |
| How did Elizabeth control her Privy Council? | Anger and Violence - she executed Norfolk and Essex Promoting division - she made the councillors compete for rewards. Only rarely attending - meaning they would always behave. Affection. |
| Using examples, state the four phases of the Privy Council throughout Elizabeth's reign. | 1558 - 65: Period of agreement: didn't want her meeting MQS. '65-'72: Factions: divided on Charles/Eliz marriage '72-'90: Cooperation: wanting Eliz. to sign MQS death warrant. 90s: Decay: Essex's Rebellion. |
| What powers did Parliament have? | Granting extraordinary subsides Elizabeth cannot pass law without Parliament. Point of contact between Elizabeth and the people. |
| Facts about Parliament: | There was an average of 3 years between each parliament. Elizabeth's parliament averaged 33 acts per session, more than any other tudor monarch. Elizabeth vetoed 34 bills. 5 times for matter of the state, the rest because of thee wording of the bill. |
| How did Elizabeth manage Parliament? | Using fear and threats. Banning topics from being spoken about, like MQS. Imprisonment. Only calling Parliament when she needed it. Membership is controlled. Suspending parliament. Promoting division. Speeches. Using her Royal Veto. |
| What did Elizabeth have to consider when creating her Religious Settlement? | Didn't want to be associated with Mary. Much to be gained from break from Rome. Consequences home and abroad. Religion would tie her issue of marriage. She needed to be cautious on who she may upset. |
| What is Transubstantiation? | The belief the bread and wine is apart of Christ. |
| What is Consubstantiation? | The belief the bread and wine symbolises the sacrifice of Christ. |
| What did Elizabeth want in her religious settlement? | Uniformity - everything the same, it leads to power and control for her. Keeping the Protestants and Catholics happy, lowering the chance of rebellion. Needs to consider foreign relations, Not upset powers like France and Spain. |
| What were the 4 bills Elizabeth submitted to Parliament? | The Act of Supremacy, 1559 The Act of Uniformity, 1559 The Act of Exchange, 1559 The Act of 39 Articles |
| What did the Act of Supremacy involve? | Made Eliz Supreme Head of the Church, was rejected for appearing too strong, was later changed to Supreme Governor. Removed Marian Heresy laws which wasn't taken well by the Lords. States all officials take an oath on accepting Eliz title. |
| What did the Act of Uniformity involve? | Imposed the Common Book of Prayer in English, with the Black Rubic removed. Made attending church compulsory. Allowed the Catholic style of churches and robes as Elizabeth liked the style of Catholic Churches. |
| What did the Act of Exchange involve? | This gave the Queen the right to exchange property with the church for temporary property. Bishops had to rent to the monarchy for the first 21 years of the acts implementation. |
| What did the Act of 39 Articles involve? | Required ministers to accept the Royal Supremacy. People agreed that the Common Book of Prayer was nothing contrary to the word of God. People would also agree the 39A were agreeable to the words of God. |
| What was the impact of the Religious Settlement on the Catholic and Protestants? | No drastic change in doctrine. Church and garment looks kept the same. |
| What were the political and practical considerations of the Religious Settlement? | Bishops in the Lords forced her to be less radical in her settlement. It forced her to compromise. |
| What was the impact of the Religious Settlement on Foreign Relations? | Needed to keep on good terms with Spain so it was less radical. Treaty between England and France lowered the threat of French invasion allowing the Settlement to be slightly more radical. |
| Who was Mary Queen of Scots? | A catholic who was Queen of Scotland from 1861 until she fled to England in 1567 - she had a direct claim to the English throne as Elizabeth's cousin. |
| Why did MQS leave Scotland? | She was forced to flee in 1567 after her husband died under suspicious circumstances and she married the unpopular Earl of Bothwell. |
| What was a punishments for holding the Pope has head of the church? | Lose property on a first offence. Lose all goods and liberty on second offence. Be executed on a third offence. Gradual punishment to give people a chance to convert. |
| When was the first execution of an English Catholic? | 1557. |
| Why was Elizabeth careful with the Catholics? | The majority of the population were Catholics. She wanted to keep Phillipe and Spain as an ally of England. She didn't want a rebellion. The clergy were mainly Catholic; Elizabeth made them swear an oath to her to solve this. |
| When was the Northern Rebellion? | 1569. |
| Who were the key players in the rebellion? | Thomas Howard, member of the Privy Council - was indicated in the Ridolfi Plot. Thomas Percy, wanted to restore catholicism and was in the plotting stages. |
| What were the Religious causes of the Northern Rebellion? | - Participation in protests - Northern Earls worried about Protestantism |
| What were the Social causes of the Northern Rebellion? | - Some peasants were paid 16p per day to rebel - Undermining the powers of the Northern Earls. |
| What were the Economic causes of the rebellion? | - Northern Earls were losing wealth and blamed Elizabeth. |
| What was the Papal Bull? When was it announced? | "reigning on high" was announced in February 1570. The Bull excommunicated Elizabeth and encouraged it Catholics to rise against her to face excommunication themselves. |
| Why did the Papal Bull fail? | RS was working, there was a lot of uniformity and conformity. Catholics didn't want to risk going against Elizabeth. Many English Catholics didn't see the Bull. Treason Act 1571 made it illegal to deny Ellizabeth as Queen. |
| What was the Ridolfi Plot 1571? | A plan to replace Elizabeth with MQS following her excommunication. Cecil discovered it and it was shut down. |
| What was the Throckman Plot 1583? | A plan whereby French and Spanish forces would liberate MQS and start a Catholic uprising in England. Letters were intercepted and led to the plot failing. |
| Who were the Missionary Priests? | These were a group of trained Englishmen who had been in Netherlands and went around preaching Catholicism to others. They didn't have much of an impact and many of the conformed or stayed in the rich's homes. |
| What were the Jesuit Missions? | This was an order of Roman Catholics who tried to preach to people in order to make them conform back to Catholicism. They were picked up easily as they wondered around England, which wasn't allowed. They either lived in nobility homes or were imprisoned. |
| What were some of the key issues regarding the Puritans? | Marian exiles wanted a more Calvinist church. The structure of the church. The "puritan choir". The makeup of Parliament. |
| Who were the Puritans? | They were the more radical Protestants. They wanted to align the church with a Reformed Church of the Contient. |
| When and What was the Statute of Artificies? | 1563 Laid out economic legislation and made sure that wages had a maximum rate and left it to JPs to have a minimum wage rate - however, they didn't take into account inflation and it's impacts. |
| Name some important pieces of social legislation towards the end of Elizabeth's reign. | 1572 Vegabonds Act - had penalties against Vagrants and helped the poorest in each village. 1576 Act of the Relief of the Poor - helped poor find work, those who refused were sent to "House of Correction". |
| ... Continued | 1598 Act for the Relief of the Poor - designed to help families who were in dire situations get out of "absolute" poverty. 1598 Act of the Punishment of Rogues - self explanatory |
| What was the Tyrone Rebellion? | The Tyrone Rebellion was an incident in 1599 where the Earl of Tyrone rebelled against the Queen. |
| Why did the Tyrone Rebellion end up being a major turning point in how the Privy Council operated? | It was a major incident because the commander the Earl of Essex failed to standby the Queen's instructions and failed to crush the rebellion. It led to his house arrest and his disillusionment with the Queen. |
| When and What was the Essex Rebellion? | 1601 - Earl of Essex had fallen out of favour with Elizabeth and rebelled on the condition that he was made her advisor and that the Cecil's and their allies be banished from the PC. Resistance only lasted a few days before Essex was defeated. |
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