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Stalin
4.3 - Industrialisation: the Five Year Plans
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Stalin realise? | That the modernisation of industry was essential. |
| Stalin realised that the modernisation of industry was essential, for what? | For agriculture, for defending the country from attack and for showing the USSR as being competitive with the rest of the industrialised countries in the world. |
| What years did the First Five Year Plan cover? | 1928-32 |
| What did the First Five Year Plan (1928-32) aim to do? | Expand heavy industry - coal, iron, steel and oil. |
| What was the outcome of the First Five Year Plan (1928-32)? | It had considerable success. The number of industrial workers more than doubled. New cities were built around new industrial areas. GOSPLAN achieved considerable success, though industries rarely reached the over-ambitious targets set. |
| What was GOSPLAN? | The government agency responsible for the programme. |
| What years did the Second Five Year Plan cover? | 1933-37 |
| What did the Second Five Year Plan (1933-37) concentrate on? | Making machinery, especially tractors. |
| When did the Third Five Year Plan start? | 1938 |
| What did the Third Five Year Plan aim to do? | Produce more consumer goods for loyal Soviet citizens. |
| What was the Third Five Year Plan quickly transformed to doing? | Building weapons, which proved necessary when Germany invaded the USSR in June 1941. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - What were the huge-scale projects during industrialisation often achieved in spite of? | The lack of experience of many of the workers, many of whom had been sent to labour camps. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - Due to the lack of experience of many of the workers, who helped out and to do what? | Sometimes foreign experts helped out with the planning of a project. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - When production started, what were managers under great pressure to do? What did this lead to? | Meet targets and, therefore, they either cut corners in the production process, leading to shoddy goods, or they simply lied about production figures. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - What does managers cutting corners and so making shoddy goods or lying about production figures mean? | That statistics published by the government in the 1930s are liable to be inaccurate. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - What were the new factories constructed with? | Very little attention to safety. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - What did the new factories being constructed with very little attention to safety lead to? | Many workers being seriously injured or killed. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - What were the poor conditions in the new factories (and during the building of)? | Scaffolding could easily collapse. Temperatures in winter could drop as low as -30C, whilst in the new pig-iron blast furnaces workers could suffer serious burns. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - What was the case with many conscripted workers? | They had little or no education and, therefore, could not read. Some Siberian peasants working on huge projects had never before ever seen electricity or even a building with a staircase to an upper floor. All they had know was huts with oil lamps. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - Despite the issues, what were there? | Some impressive achievements. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - What was achieved? | Hydroelectric dams, such as the Dnieper Dam, and the Moscow Underground Railway were admired by Russians and foreign visitors alike. Over 100 new cities were built. |
| THE BUILDING OF MAGNITOGORSK - Where were most of the new industrial areas located? | In Siberia, east of the Ural Mountains, to ensure that Russian industry would survive an invasion from Western Europe. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What can be said that is negative about the plans? | That there were setbacks and exaggerated claims. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - Despite setbacks and exaggerated claims, what did the USSR succeed in? | Substantially expanding its industry in the 1930s as a result of the plans. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - When was the USSR invaded by the Germans? | June 1941 |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - When the USSR was invaded by the Germans in 1941, what had sufficient progress been made to do? | To enable effective resistance. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - At what time did the USSR transform itself? | At a time when most other major countries were suffering the effects of the Great Depression, with millions out of work. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What were the social consequences of the plans? | Mixed. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What were the bad social consequences of the plans? | Millions died working on industrial projects and millions of peasant families were uprooted and forced to live thousands of miles away. Working conditions were harsh, with a 7-day working week. There were harsh punishments. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What were the harsh punishments involved for the people working on the industrial projects that acted as a negative social consequence of the plans? | Accidentally damaging tools was treated as sabotage, and absenteeism or lateness was treated as a crime. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What happened to those who worked hard and succeeded? | They were treated as heroes. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - In August 1935, what did the Soviet press announce? | A new hero, Alexei Stakhanov. It was claimed that he had mined 102 tonnes of coal in one shift - about 14 times the total an average worker could mine. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - When did the Soviet press announce a new hero, Alexei Stakhanov? | August 1935 |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What happened after Alexei Stakhanov was announced as a new hero by the Soviet press in August 1935? | Stakhanov was praised, given medals, and went around giving lectures on how to improve productivity. Those who successfully copied his achievement were called Stakhanovites. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What was the issue with the rapid growth of cities? | New housing could not keep pace with demand. Many had to live in dormitories. Many families lived together in one room or flat. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What did society begin as a result of the plans? | A transformation. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - In what ways did society begin a transformation as a result of the plans? | Gradually, living conditions did improve, especially in the established cities. Electricity became available for everyday use. Radios improved communications. Education and hospitals free. Some blocks of flats had central heating. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - Give more detail on 'education and hospitals free' being a way in which society began a transformation as a result of the plans: | Education was free; hospitals with free health care became available. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What could those living in Moscow be proud of? | The new buildings, including the Moscow underground with its spaciousness, its cathedral-style arches, colonnades and bright paintings. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - What had the foundations been laid for? | The USSR to become a superpower, which it did after the defeat of Germany in 1945. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - When did Stalin remain in power until? | His death in 1953. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - By the time Stalin died in 1953, what had the USSR done? | They controlled much of Eastern Europe and had developed the atomic bomb, making the USSR the second most powerful country in the world. |
| THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PLANS - Generally, what can be said about industrialisation in the 1930s? | It was harsh, but it achieved results on a scale that no one living at the time could have predicted. |
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