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Race Relations
Advances in the 1950s
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were the three main advances in the 1950s? | Brown V. Topeka (Board of Education), Little Rock (Central High School) and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. |
| When was Brown V. Topeka? | 1954 |
| What CRM advance was made in 1954? | Brown V. Topeka. |
| What was Brown V. Topeka (1954)? | It was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. |
| What happened leading to the decision in 1954 (Brown V. Topeka) that separate public schools for black and white students were unconstitutional? | It was argued on 9th December 1952, reargued on 8th December 1953 and finally decided on 17th May 1954. Handed down on 17th May, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal". |
| Why was Brown V. Topeka (1954) a victory? | >was a major victory of CRM >it overturned Plessy V. Ferguson >as a result of it, 'de jure' racial segregation was ruled a violation of the 'Equal Protection Clause' of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution. >paved the way for integration |
| What was 'Plessy V. Ferguson' that was overturned by Brown V. Topeka? | The Plessy V. Ferguson decision of 1896, allowed state-sponsored segregation, so far as it applied to public education. |
| What were limitations to Brown V. Topeka (1954) as a victory? | The decision's 14 pages didn't spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools; and the court's second decision in 'Brown II' (1955) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed". Brought the KKK back to life. |
| When was the Montgomery Bus Boycott? | 1955 |
| What CRM advance was made in 1955? | The Montgomery Bus Boycott. |
| What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)? | It was a non-violent, political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. |
| Who fought the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas? | The NAACP |
| What did the NAACP fight the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas about? | NAACP lawyers asserted the right of a black church minister named Oliver Brown to send his daughter to the nearby white school, rather than a black school far away. |
| When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott start? | On 1st December 1955 when Rosa Parks (a trained NAACP activist) refused to give up her seat on a full bus to a white man, leading to her arrest. |
| After Parks' arrest, what did the black people of Montgomery decide to do? | Boycott the buses, choosing a young local preacher named Martin Luther King as their leader. |
| What happened as part of the Montgomery Bus Boycott? | Thousands of black people walked to work, while the city's 210 African American taxi drivers offered seats for the cost of the bus fare. A car-pool of supporters of the boycott was also organised to get black people to work. |
| How long did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last? | 381 days |
| What did King and his supporters call themselves during the Montgomery Bus Boycott? | The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). |
| As well as boycotting the buses, what did the MIA also do? | Hire NAACP lawyers to take the case to the Supreme Court. |
| What did the MIA deliberately seek by the boycott? | Only moderate reforms - they wanted black drivers on black routes, and they wanted white bus drivers to be polite to black passengers. |
| Did the MIA challenge segregation when taking the case to the Supreme Court (with NAACP lawyers)? | No, they asked only that seats on city buses be allocated on a first-come-first-serve basis, with black people filling up seats from the rear, white passengers from the front. |
| What was the reaction to the Montgomery Bus Boycott whilst it was happening? | The local White Citizens' Council opposed the MIA's proposals. Its membership doubled. It ordered local officials to harass boycott leaders - King was arrested for speeding. In January 1956 his home was bombed by the KKK. |
| Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycott work? | Because it was ruining the bus company financially, and local businesses were losing custom (local shopkeepers lost $1 million). |
| On November 13th 1956, what did city chiefs do in Montgomery? | They - claiming that the car-pool was in effect a taxi service operating without a proper licence - got the car-pool stopped in the courts. |
| When did the Montgomery city chiefs get the car-pool stopped in the courts? | 13th November 1956 |
| What would the decision of 13th November 1956 have meant? However, what changed it? | The decision would have meant the defeat of the boycott, but it was rendered pointless when that same day, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional. |
| When did the Supreme Court rule that segregation on the buses was unconstitutional? | 13th November 1956. |
| What were the reasons why the Montgomery Bus Boycott were a victory? | >integration on the buses was enforced >it became an inspiration to the CRM >King emerged as a prominent national leader of the CRM, whilst also solidifying his commitment to non-violent resistance >there were copycat boycotts throughout the south |
| In what way did the Montgomery Bus Boycott become an inspiration to the CRM? | It demonstrated that when black Americans united, they could succeed, and that violent opposition only increased support. |
| What were the limitations to the victory of the Montgomery Bus Boycott? | >integration was met w/ significant resistance >everything else in Montgomery still segregated >it revealed the depth of racism + determination of some whites >Parks + her husband lost their jobs, she received death threats, and had to move to Detroit |
| Give an example of the violence met by the integration on the buses: | In January 1957, four black churches and the homes of prominent black leaders were bombed. |
| When was the Little Rock Crisis? | 1957 |
| What CRM advance was made in 1957? | Little Rock |
| Why did the Little Rock Crisis take place? | By 1957 the Supreme Court's Brown v. Topeka ruling had not resulted in any immediate changes in schools. It did not order segregated schools to be abolished - it just said they were wrong. Most of the twenty segregated states simply ignored it. |
| Why did most of the twenty segregated states simply ignore the Brown v. Topeka ruling? | The government did not force them to end segregation. |
| What happened where states did try to change (after Brown v. Topeka)? | Some schools closed rather than desegregate, and mobs gathered to stop black children going to white schools. |
| What happened on 23rd September 1957? | 9 black students tried to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. A mob of 1,000 barred their way. Two days later, the children went into school... protected by 11,000 soldiers. The crowd shouted: "2, 4, 6, 8; we aren't going to integrate". |
| What happened to the 9 black students actually inside Central High School in Little Rock? | They were assaulted and abused. |
| What was faced back in the black community as a result of the Little Rock 9? | The anger of those who said the 'meddling nine' were making life harder for black people. |
| What are the reasons why the Little Rock Crisis was a victory? | >it begun integration in schools >once the troops withdrew (after 6 weeks), there were no further major racial incidents at the school >it became a national debate |
| What were limitations to the 1957 victory at Little Rock? | >few other schools dared to desegregate, and few black children wanted to face the danger >in 1964, only 3% of America's black children attended desegregated schools >Little Rock itself only desegregated in 1972 |
| What does NAACP stand for? | The National Association of the Advancement of Colored People |
| What does CORE stand for? | Congress of Racial Equality |
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