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Hormones
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Wiley 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neutransmitters | Nervous |
| Hormones | Endocrine |
| Synapse, receptors, postsynaptic membrane | Nervous |
| Muscle, cells, gland cells, other neurons | Nervous |
| Typically within milliseconds (thousandths of a second) | Nervous |
| Generally briefer (milliseconds) | Nervous |
| Far from site of release (target cell) | Endocrine |
| Cells throughout body | Endocrine |
| Seconds, hours, or days | Endocrine |
| Generally longer (seconds to days) | Endocrine |
| Chemical composition, metabolism, energy balance, glandulare secretions, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers are ALL functions of ____. | hormones |
| What controls growth and development | Hormones |
| What regulates operation of reproductive system? | Hormones |
| What helps establish circadian rhythms? | Hormones |
| Exocrine | outside |
| Endocrine glands | within secretion |
| What are 3 tissues that are not exclusively classified as endocrine glands but contain cells that secrete hormones? | hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas. |
| autocrines | self |
| paracrines | beside or near |
| Down-regulation | if hormones is present in excess, # of target-cell receptors may decrease |
| Up-regulation | hormone is deficient, # of receptors may increase , target cell more sensitive to hormone |
| Lipid-soluble hormone (ex) | steroids, thyroid, and gas |
| Name steroid hormones | aldosterone, cortisol, androgens |
| Location of aldosterone, cortisol, and adrogens | adrenal cortes |
| Name thyroid hormones | T3 triiodothyronine, T4 throxine |
| Another name for thyroid gland | follicular cells |
| Name gas hormone | nitric oxide |
| Where is gas hormone located | endothelial cells lining blood vessels |
| Water-soluble hormones include | amines,peptides and proteins, and eicosanoids |
| Amines includes what hormomes? | epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, histamine, serotonin |
| Location of epinephrine, norepinephrine | adrenal medulla |
| Location of melatonin | pineal gland |
| Location of histamine | mast cells in connective tissues |
| Location of serotonin | platelets in blood |
| List Peptides and proteins hormone | all hpothalmic relasing and inhibiting hormones, onytocine, antidiuretic, prolactin, insulin, glucagon, calcitonin, gastrine, deptin, erythropeitin, |
| Location of peptides and proteins | hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, anterior pitutary, pancreas, throid gland, stomach and small intestine, kidneys, adipose,, |
| What hormone is for eicosanoids | prostaglandins, and leukotrienes |
| Where are prostaglandins, and leukotrienes located | all cells except red blood cells |
| Hormone transport in blood | -make lipid-soluble hormones temporarily water-solube, increasing solubility in blood -retard passage of small hormone molecules through the filtering mechanism in kidneys, thus slowing hormone loss in urine. -provide a ready reserve of hormone |
| What factors determine the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone? | changing the permeability of the plasma membrane, stimulation transport of a substance into or out of the target cells, altering the are of specific metabolic reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle or cardiac muscle. |
| permissive effects | increases the number of receptors for the other hormone. |
| synergistic effects | the effect of two hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than the effect of each hormone acting alone. |
| antagonistic effects | one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone |
| What is the action of the receptor-hormone complex? | alter gene expression by turning specific genes of nuclear DNA on or off. |
| What there types of signals control hormone secretion? | nervous, chemical change in blood, other hormones |
| What is the functional importance of the hypophyseal portal veins? | carry blood from the median eminence of the hypothalamus, where hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are secreted, to anterior pituitary, where these hormones act. |
| What other target gland hormones suppress section of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones by negative feedback? | Thyroid hormones suppress secretion of GSH by throthrophs and of TRH by hypothalami neurosecretory cells, gonadal hor. suppress FSH and LK by gonadotrophs and of GnRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells. |
| Hypoglycemia | abnormally low blood glucose concentration, stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GHRH which flow toward the anterior pituitary in the hypophyseal portal veins. |
| Hyperglycemia | abnormally high blood glucose; stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GHIH while inhibiting the secretion of GHRH |
| If a person has a pituitary tumor that secrets a large amount of hGH and the tumor cells are not responsive to regulation by GHRH and GHIH, will hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia be more likely? | hyperglycemia due to excess hGH levels |
| Functionally, how are the hpothalamohpophseal tract and the hypophseal portal veins similar? Structurally, how are they different? | both carry hypothalmic hormones to the pituitary gland. |
| If you drank a liter of water, what effect would this have on osmotic pressure of your blood, and how would the level of ADH change in your blood? | decrease the osmotic pressure of your blood plasma turning off secretion of ADH and decreasing ADH level in blood |
| Human growth hormone (hGH), also known as somatotropin. | Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other tissues to synthesize and secrete insulin like growth factors (IGFs); IGFs promote growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis, and elevation of blood glucose concentration. |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), also known as thyrotropin | Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland. |
| Which of the following applies to the endocrine system? Select all that apply. | effects are long lasting initial action is measured in hours to days acts on all types of cells |
| Which of the following applies to the nervous system? Select all that apply. | acts on specific muscles and glands effects are brief initial action is measured in milliseconds only releases neurotransmitters |
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