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Hematology & Erythro
202 - Lec 1: Hematology & Erythropoiesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| WHAT IS HEMATOLOGY? | the study of blood |
| WHAT IS ERYTHROPOIESIS? | the creation of red blood cells (RBC) |
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD? | - Connective tissue - Transport of gasses, nutrients, metabolic waste products, cells, hormones; Helps maintain body temp and pH levels; Protective/defensive function – forms clots (hemostasis) and prevents infection |
| WHAT IS BLOOD? | - Blood Volume ~7% of body weight (70ml/kg of body weight) in most animals; Cats ~4% of BW - Formed Elements (~40%) = cellular content of blood ; RBC, WBC, Platelets - Plasma (~60%) = liquid fraction of blood; fluid in which the cells are suspended |
| WHAT IS PLASMA? | Water ~91-92%; Protein ~7-8%; Other Solutes ~1-2% (Electrolytes, magnesium, sodium, potassium, non-protein nitrogenous waste = urea and creatanine & uric acid in some species) Nutrients: lipids, glucose, amino acids; O, CO2, N; hormones and enzymes |
| WHAT IS SERUM? | Serum = plasma minus fibrinogen (largest protein, made in liver, main purpose to clot blood) |
| WHAT PROTEINS ARE FOUND IN BLOOD? | • Globulins (proteins) also found in blood Aka antibodies or immunoglobulin’s • Albumin (protein) also found in blood Made in liver and function to maintain oncotic pressure Smallest protein |
| WHAT ARE THE FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD? | • Erythrocytes (RBC) Transports O & CO2 Work exclusively in the vascular system • Leukocytes (WBC) Defense Mainly outside the vascular system • Thrombocytes (cells that cause clots/platelets) Hemostasis = to clot |
| ROMANOWSKY STAINS | o Acid Stain – bind to basic compounds (stains it red) o Basic Stain – stain acidic structures (stains it blue) |
| HEMATOPOIESIS | Yolk Sac (creation of blood begins here in fetal development in uterus), Liver (2/3 RBC created here), Spleen, Bone Marrow |
| BONE MARROW | primary site for hematopoiesis at birth and prenatal life; rapid growth places a heavy demand for RBC; as demand for RBC decreases as animal ages, hematopoiesis moves from the appendicular (long bones, appendages) to the axial (flat bones)skeleton |
| PLURIPOTENTIAL STEM CELL | stem cell that can turn into any cell |
| MEGAKARYOCYTOPOIESIS | creation of megakaryocytes (precursor to platelets) |
| GRANULOPOIESIS | creation of granulocytes |
| LYMPHOPOIESIS | creation of lymphocytes |
| HOW DOES ERYTHROPOIESIS OCCUR? | Decreased Arterial PO2 -> Renal Hypoxia -> Kidney -> Erythropoietin (hormone to stimulate bone marrow to produce RBC) Secretion -> Bone Marrow -> Increased RBC Mass |
| WHAT IS THE LIFE CYCLE OF A RBC? | 90-120 DAYS |
| PRODUCTION OF RBC | - 5 days o Nucleus becomes smaller (blue) o Chromatin pattern becomes more aggregated (pyknotic = non functional nucleus) o Cytoplasm changes from blue to orange Decrease in RNA Increase in hemoglobin to carry more oxygen |
| FIRST STAGE OF RBC DEVELOPMENT: RUBRIBLAST | o First morphologically identifiable erythroid precursor in the RBC line o Very basophilic cytoplasm o Round nucleus o Loose chromatin pattern o Generally single nucleus |
| SECOND STAGE OF RBC DEVELOPMENT: PRORUBRICYTE | o Similar to Rubriblast o Slightly smaller that rubriblast o Very blue cytoplasm o Round nucleus o No identifiable nucleolus |
| THIRD STAGE OF RBC DEVELOPMENT: RUBRICYTE | o Round cells o Generally centrally located o Round nucleus o Chromatin patterns are condensing o Last cell that can divide mitotically and most mature cell precursor that retains the ability to divide |
| FOURTH STAGE OF RBC DEVELOPMENT: METARUBRICYTE | o Round cell o Round, dense to completely pyknotic nucleus o Sometimes eccentrically located nucleus o Cytoplasm starts to be polychromatophilic (pale blue to orange) o Can no longer divide, can only mature |
| FIFTH STAGE OF RBC DEVELOPMENT: POLYCHROMATOPHILIC ERYTHROCYTE | o Anucleated cell o Polychromatophilic cytoplasm (likes many colors) o Identified as a “reticulocyte” if stained with New Methylene Blue |
| SIXTH STAGE OF RBC DEVELOPMENT: ERYTHROCYTE | - mature RBC o Anucleated cell o Red to orange cytoplasm o No intracytoplasmic organelles o Essentially only hemoglobin (oxygen) |
| WHAT IS A RETICULOCYTE? | -Cats have aggregate or punctate reticulocytes; all other species have aggregated reticulocytes - ~1% of dog & cat cells are reticulocytes - Horses do not circulate reticulocytes - Ruminants only circulate reticulocytes when they are severely anemic |
| ERYTHROCYTE MORPHOLOGY IN MAMMALS | - Anucleated, biconcave disks, Diameter 4-9micrometers Goats have the smallest cell size Distinct central pallor: Dogs have the most distinct in their blood; Cats have more roundness in their cells so they have a less distinct |
| WHAT IS ANISOCYTOSIS? | - not having equal sized cells - mammals have this |
| WHAT IS ROULEAUX FORMATION? | - “stacking” of cells = indicates higher protein • Horses have the greatest degree of Rouleaux (not due to protein) • Rouleaux is not found in Bovine |
| SPECIES VARIATIONS FOR SHAPE OF RBC | • Angora Goats have spindle form and fusiform shapes to RBC • Birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish have elliptical and nucleated RBC • Camelidae have elliptical but non nucleated RBC • Deer have sickle shaped RBC |
| WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF AN ERYTHROCYTE? | carry hemoglobin for the transport of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide |
Created by:
jenn.messier11
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