The major functions of the lymphatic system include

Draining interstitial fluid Transporting dietary lipids absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract to the blood Facilitating the immune responses

Components of the lymphatic system include:

Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts Primary lymphatic organs Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

Lymph fluid enters the node through _____ vessels and is directed towards the ______.

afferent; central medullary sinuses.

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Ch.22

The Lymphatic System & Immunity

Question	Answer
The major functions of the lymphatic system include	Draining interstitial fluid Transporting dietary lipids absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract to the blood Facilitating the immune responses
Components of the lymphatic system include:	Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts Primary lymphatic organs Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
___ is a clear to milky fluid in the extracellular fluid compartment.	lymph
___ – the liquid component of blood	Plasma
___– the clear fluid filtered through capillary walls when it enters the “interstitium” (space between cells, also called the intracellular space)	Interstitial fluid
____space between cells, also called the intracellular space	interstitium
___ – the unaltered interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels. In the GI tract, lymphatic fluids also include absorbed dietary lipids.	Lymphatic fluid
The flow of lymph fluid is always from the periphery towards the ___.	central vasculature
Where does the flow of lymph fluid start?	interstitial fluid
2nd flow of lymph	lymphatic capillaries
It travels in lymphatic vessels to the___ lymph nodes	regional
Lymph ascends or descends to the ___, either to the Left or Right Lymphatic Duct.	thorax
Lymph fluid’s final destination is the bloodstream, as it enters through the ___	Subclavian veins.
___are slightly larger than blood capillaries and have a unique one-way structure.	Lymphatic capillaries
The ends of ___ overlap and permit interstitial fluid to flow in, but not out.	endothelial cells
_____pull openings wider when interstitial fluid accumulates.	Anchoring filaments
There are specialized lymphatic capillaries called ___that take up dietary lipids in the small intestine	lacteals
____is the name of this “lymph with lipids”.	Chyle
Lymphatic capillaires showing blind ends and ___way flow	one
Lymphatic capillaries unite to form larger lymphatic vessels which resemble veins in structure but have thinner walls and more ___.	valves
Lymphatic vessels pass through lymph nodes – encapsulated organs with masses of ___and __ cells	B; T
______ is moved by pressure in the interstitial space and the milking action oof the skeletal muscle contractions and respiratory movements.	Lymphatic fluid
an obstruction or malfunction of lymph flow leads to ____ from fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces.	edema
____ is composed of a number of primary and secondary organs and tissues widely distributed throughout the body- all with the purpose of facilitating the immune response.	lymphatic system
are bone marrow and thymus	primary lymph organs
Sites where stem cells divide and become ______(capable of mounting an immune response)	immunocompetent
______ organs are sites where most immune responses occur, including the spleen and lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils.	Secondary lymphatic
In the thymus the _____ is composed of a large number of immature T cells.	outer cortex
The outer cortex is composed of _____ T cells which migrate from their birth-place in red bone marrow.	immature
T cells begin to mature with the help of ______?	dendritic cells
Dendritic cells derived from ___?	monocytes
Specialized _______ cells help educate T cells through positive selection.	epithelial
___% only survive in T cells maturing?	25
_____ is composed of more mature T cells.	inner medulla
_____ slightly protrudes from the mediastinum into the lower back.	thymus
Thymus is palpable ___g in infants, atrophies by puberty, and is scarcely distinguishable from surrounding fatty tissue by old age.	70
There are about ______ lymph nodes scattered along lymphatic vessels.	600
Lymphatic vessels ____ to trap and destroy foreign objects in lymph fluid.	filters
Submandibular, mediastinal, cervical, inguinal, axillary are all part of the	regional lymph nodes
Lymph fluid enters the node through _____ vessels and is directed towards the ______.	afferent; central medullary sinuses.
_____ vessels convey lymph, antibodies and activated T cells out of the node.	Efferent
Where does the exit site of lymph located	hilum
Is the larges mass of lymphatic tissue?	spleen
Contains white pulp and red pulp	Parenchyma
lymphatic tissue where lymphocytes and macrophages carry out immune function	White pulp
blood-filled venous sinuses where platelets are store and old red cells are destroyed	red pulp
Our immune response includes ___ and ___ responses.	innate; adaptive
____ is present at birth.	Innate immune response
The innate immune response is both ____ and ___?	non-specific; non-adaptive
Chemical barriers, lines of external, physical, skin, and mucous membranes are included in the _____ immunity.	non-specific; non-adaptive
Our nonspecific innate immune response also includes various _____ such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever.	internal defenses
Phagocytes come from____	monocytes
Wandering and fixed macrophages___	phagocytes
What is the function of phagocytes	fixed macrophages
What do natural killer cells do?	protect
Endogenous antimicrobials do what?	secrete mucus
increase resistance of cells to infection, slow the spread of disease	Interferon
attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes, stimulates inflammation	complement system
____ is a non-specific process	phagocytosis
Neutrophils an macrophages come from	monocytes
What migrates to an infected area? 2 answers	neutrophils and macrophages
Chemotaxis, adherence, Ingestion, digestion, an killing are the 5 steps of	phagocytosis
___ is an abnormally high body temperature due to resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat.	fever
-speeds up body reactions - increases the effects of endogenous antimicrobials -sequesters nutrients from microbes	non-specific response.
Body temperature rises above 37C in response to _____	pyrogens
____ is defensive response of almost all body tissues to damage of any kind (infection, burns, cuts, etc.)	inflammation
Redness, pain, heat, and swelling are all signs and symptoms of	inflammation
Attempt to dispose of microbes and foreign materials, dilute toxins, and prepare for healing is a _____ attempt.	non-specific
______ response has 3 basic stages: vasodialation, emigration,and repair.	inflammatory
increased permeability	vasodilation
movement of phagocytes from the blood into the interstitial space and then to damage site	emigration
_____allows more blood to flow to the damaged area which helps remove toxins and debris	vasodilation
Increased permeability permits entrance of defensive proteins (antibodies and clotting factors) to site of injury	vasodilation
Other inflammatory mediators include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), and complement.	vasodialtion
_____ of phagocytes depends on chemotaxis	emigration
____ predominate in early stages but die off quickly	neutrophils
transform into macrophages and become more potent phagocytes than neutrophils	monocytes
mass of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue	pus
Pus formation occurs in most ____ responses and usually continues until the infection subside.	inflammatory
____results from increased permeability of blood vessels.	Edema
_____is a prime symp. which results from sensitization of nerve endings by the inflammatory chemicals.	pain
Substances recognized as foreign that provoke an immune response are called _____.	antigens (Ag).
_____immunity describes the ability of the body to adapt defenses against the antigens of specific bacteria, viruses, foreign tissues…	Adaptive
Ex of adaptive immunity is	venom for snake bite
_______for foreign molecules which act as Ag this involves distinguishing self-molecules (normal, not antigenic) from nonself molecules	Specificity
____ for previously encountered Ag	memory
T/F Not all foreign substances are antigenic	True
Molecules, or parts of molecules tend to be _____ if they are foreign, organic, or large	antigenic
not ourselves	foreign
structurally _____ (proteins are usually complex and form many of the most potent antigens)	complex
high molecular weight	large
Antigens can have multiple antigenic determinants called	epitopes
Each____ is capable of producing and immune response	eitopes
Entire ___ may act as an antigen, but typically just certain small parts (epitopes) of large antigen complex triggers a response.	microbes
The adaptive immune response cannot get started without the aid of the nonspecific_____that occurs in the innate immune response.	phagocytosis
The phagocytic cells that initiate the process are called _____	antigen presenting cells
____mostly dendritic cells and macrophages, and they link the innate immune system and adaptive immune system.	Antigen-presenting cells (APC)
____ cells are usually found in tissues in contact with the external environment, and they are the most potent of the antigen-presenting cell types.	denritic
_____ cell engulfs and destroys a foreign invader, it isolates the antigen those cells display.	Antigen-presenting
APC then presents the foreign Ag to a specific T lymphocyte called _______	Helper T
Another name for helper T cell	CD4
Once stimulated by ____presentation, helper T cells become activated	antigen
Activated helper T cells are capable of activating other ______ and becoming T cytotoxic cells	lymphocytes
directly kill foreign invader	CD8
Make antibodies that kill or helps kill foreign invaders	B cells
Activated B and T cells form the 2 arms of ____ immune response	adaptive
Antibody-mediated immunity and Cell- mediated are part of the	Adaptive immunity
Which cells aid in both types, and both types work together to form specific bodily defenses	Helper T
Cell-mediated immunity involves the production of _____that directly attack invading pathogens (foreign invaders with Ag harmful to us – particularly intracellular pathogens and some cancer cells).	cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor and memory T cells are also produced in ____	cytotoxic T cells
Antibody-mediated immunity involves the production of____cells that transform into antibody making plasma cells.	B
B cells transform into ____.	antibody making plasma cells
circulate in extracelllar fluids	Antibodies
___ memory cells are produce with antibody making plasma cells.	B
___ cells can be activated by direct recognition of antigen through B cell receptors or through T-helper cell activation	B
Activated B-cells undergo clonal selection to become _____ producing plasma cells.	antibody
The proteins that are used as cell-markers to “flag” self from non-self are called	MHC molecules or major histocompatibility complex
____ genes are diverse, an vary greatly from individual to individual	MHC
When ApC come across foreign antigens, they are broken down and loaded onto ____ molecules of APC's	MHC-II
_____ MHC molecules on the APCs present the fragments to helper T cells, which stimulate an immune reaction from other cells.	Class II
____ of activated T cells ( and the antibodies from plasma cells ) are now" competent" to recognize similar antigenic fragment displayed by infected cells throughout the body and respond harshly.	Clones
____ cell destruction of an infected cell by release of perforins that cause cytolysis.	Cytotoxic
___ are destroyed by granulysin	microbes
___ is the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentatites in response to a specific antigen.	Clonal selection
___ is a population of identical cells, all recognizing the same antigen as the original cell	clone
_____ undergo clonal selection	lymphocytes
___ cell the active helper T cells, active cytotoxic T cells, and plasma cells that die after the immune response.	Effector
____ cells that do not participate in the initial immune response but are able to respond to a subsequent exposure-proliferating and differentiating into more effector and memory cells.	Memory
______is the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen.	Clonal selection
___is a population of identical cells, all recognizing the same antigen as the original cell.	clone
___(the active helper T cells, active cytotoxic T cells, and plasma cells) that die after the immune response.	effector cells
___ cells that do not participate in the initial immune response but are able to respond to a subsequent exposure - proliferating and differentiating into more effector and memory cells.	Memory
Cytokines are _____ signals from one cell that influences another cell.	chemical
They are small protein hormones that control cell growth differentiation include	Interferon, Interleukins, Erythropoietin, Tumor necrosis factor
are produced by plasma cells through antibody-mediated immunity	antibodies
antibody that has antibody-mediated immunity	Igs
Antibodies are composed of ___ peptide chains	4
___ heavy chains and ___ light chains make up antibodies	2;2
Disulfide bonds link the chains together in a ____ shaped arrangement	y
gibes an antibody its specificity	variable region
similar for each class of antibody	stem
Which antibody is most abundant	IgG
a bacterial or viral antibody, or a toxin by covering the binding sites and causing agglutination and precipitation (making what was solubke, insoluble)	Neutralizing
Activating the ____ complement pathway.	classical
Enhancing phagocytosis is a process called	opsonization
series of blood proteins that often work in conjuction with antibodies	complement system
is can be activated by multiple pathways in a step-wise or cascasing fashion.	complement system
complement system encouraged ___ and ____, antigen opsonization, and antigen destruction	vasodilation; inflammatoin
Main protein are	C1-C9
forms as a resulto fo activation of the complement	Membrane attack complex
results in lysis of cell	membrane attack complex
How many classes of antibodies are there?	5
What is theis antibody a monomer with two antigen-binding sites Comprises 80% of total antibody Only class able to cross the placenta Provides long-term immunity	IgG
Antibody? a pentamer with ten antigen-binding sites It is a great activator of complement, but has a short-lived response. It is the first antibody to appear in an immune response	IgM
Antibody? a dimer with four antigen-binding sites prevalent in body secretions like sweat, tears, saliva, breast milk and gastrointestinal fluids	IgA
Antibody? a monomer involved in allergic reactions comprises less than 0.1% of total antibody in the blood	IgE
Antibody? a monomer with a wide array of functions, some of which have been a puzzle since its discovery in 1964	IgD
Thousands of memory cells exist after initial encounter with an antigen - this is called	Immunological Memory
With the next appearance of the same ___, memory cells can proliferate and differentiate within hours.	antigen
This graphic shows that serum antibody titers are much higher and much faster on the ___ response	second
_____is not gained through the tools of modern medicine, whereas ”Artificial Immunity” is.	“Natural Immunity”
_______ refers to the body’s response to make antibody after exposure to a pathogen (antigen).	Active Immunity
In _____ immunity, the body simply receives antibodies that have been preformed.	Passive
– contracting hepatitis A and production of anti-hepatitis A antibodies-body naturally fix	Natural active
- a baby receives antibodies from its mother through the placenta and breast milk.-want to fix quickly with shot.	Natural passive
- a person receives a vaccine of an attenuated (changed/weakened) pathogen that stimulates the body to form an antibody	Artificial active
Antigen is there but can't multiply, there is no DNA in	Artificial active
– an injection of prepared antibody –vaccine directly in body.	Artificial passive
___ system continually recognizes and removes cancer cells	immune
There are a number of well-recognized ____ antigens which are displayed on certain cancerous cells.	tumor
These cells are targeted for ___ by cytotoxic T cells, macrophages and natural killer cells.	destruction
____ of the thymus gland results in decreased T-helper cell populations, and a diminished mediation of the specific-immune response.	Atrophy
There is a resulting_____ B-cell response and decreased number of T-cytotoxic cells.	decreased
______immune function with age results in increased titers of autoantibodies and an increased incidence of cancer (both contribute to overall mortality rates.)	Compromised

Created by: BonqweshiaJ

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