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Women and Crime
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| only certain things are permissable in court, eliminated attacks on way victims dressed, acted, etc | Rape Shield Laws |
| Most likely crimes to be reported | robbery and agg assault |
| % of all serious crime that goes unreported | 58% |
| who is more likely to report crime? women or men | women |
| women underreport in (2) | rape/sexual assault and IPV |
| #1 reason crime went unreported | dealt with in another manner |
| the better response victims got from family/friends= | more likely to go to police |
| shifting responsibility from offender to victim | victim blaming |
| victims traumatized by cj system's response to their victimization | secondary victimization |
| judges ______ have a lot of discretion in deciding what is/isnt permissable in court | do |
| women have more fear of all crimes because of the possibility it may lead to sexual assault in addition to another crime | shadow of sexual assault |
| negative consequences of fear (2) | isolation, impacts self worth/self esteem |
| people deserve what comes to them | just world hypothesis |
| ____ _____________ may increase likelihood for revictimization | self blame |
| RAT includes | motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardian |
| RAT is a theory of ____________ | opportunity |
| RAT focuses primarily on risk for ____________ crime | property |
| different lifestyles of victims expose them to crime more | Lifestyle exposure theory |
| certain indys are more aligned with the needs or desires of the potential offender than others | target congruence |
| General Strain Theory states that offending will lead to _________ | more victimization |
| This theory states that victimization sets women on the pathway to offending, and often times happens during youth (child abuse) | feminist pathways perspective |
| When repeat victimization occurs it is likely to happen ________ | soon after the first incident of victimization and risk dissipates over time |
| why does repeat victimization occur soon after first victimization? (3) | offender returns to same target, share vulnerable targets with criminal associates, target possesses characteristics that make them attractive |
| theory that says random on first victimization, but chances of revictimization increase each subsuqent time as a result of less effort needing to be put in by offender | Boost Theory |
| theory that states characteristics make person attractive for both initial and recurring victimizations | flag theory |
| how self protection during first victimization impacts future victimization | it significantly reduced future victimizations |
| sexual victimization includes (3) | attempted, threatened, completed |
| rape prohibited since | code of hammurabi (1900 BCE) |
| Rape as a historical perspective (3) | historically a property crime, distinguished between married/unmarried, little protection for women and female victims deemed sexually immoral |
| marital rape exemption clause stated | rape can occur between a married couple |
| law that states victim unable to give consent due to age or mental impairment | statutory rape law |
| sexual assault and 2 examples | unwanted sexual contact that does not involve penetration fondling, oral |
| stats when looking at rapes annually are | inconsistent and vary greatly |
| what % of women have experienced rape in their lifetime | 18 |
| how many women (%) will experience attempted rape? | 3 |
| females face greatest risk for rape in? | late teens early 20s |
| __________ chance of being raped as adult if raped as a kid | greater |
| race at highest percentage of being raped | american indian/alaskan native 34% |
| acquantaince rape accounts for what percent of rapes of college women? | 90 |
| reasons for high acquaintance rape in colleges (3) | significantly underreported, perceived as less serious than stranger "real rape", victim engages in self blame |
| Percentage makeup of rape | acquaintance (38 percent), IP (34 percent), stranger (22 percent) |
| rape most likely to happen in what location | residence/familiar place than unknown location |
| IPV is a ______________ in most jurisdictions | misdemeanor |
| way IPV is charged is based on (3) | circumstances, injury caused, whether offender has prior IPV convictions |
| Rates of IPV are ______________? | decreasing |
| who is at greatest risk of IPV | young adults 18-24 |
| _______ indys at highest liffetime prevalence of IPV at 53.8 percent | multiracial |
| women are less vulnerable to IPV when (2) | make political and economic gains |
| _______ of college students and younger youth report histories of dating violence | 1/3 |
| Factors that produce IPV (6) | stress, cohabitation, power and patriarchy, social learning, disability status, risky lifestyles |
| IPV cycle of violence (3) | tension building, abusive incident, honeymoon phase (apologizing/professing love for person) |
| experience cycle of violence 2 or more times | battered women |
| the phrase, "why doesn't she just leave?" does what? | victim blames |
| Issues in leaving after IPV (4) | safety, housing relocation, needs of children and pets, financial limitations |
| stalking | course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear |
| highest method of stalking | unwanted phone calls/messages |
| victims in stalking more likely to be __________- | women |
| >85 % of stalking victims are | stalked by someone they know |
| age of highest rate of stalking | 18-24 |
| stalking not criminalized until? and where? | 1990 california |
| more than 1/2 states classify stalking as a felony after (2) | second offense, and with the presence of other aggravating factors |
| estimated __________ honor killings each year | 5,000 |
| culture has ______ influence than statutes banning honor killings | greater |
| women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort money, gifts, etc | dowry death |
| dowry death found in several countries (4) | india, pakistan, bangladesh, iran |
| crimes can only be registered as a dowry death within _______ years of marriage | 7 |
| Sexual violence in the context of war does what (4) | terrorizes the population, breaks up families, destroys communities, changes the ethnic makeup of the next gen |
| genghis khan is an example of | ethnic cleansing, and sexual violence in the context of war |
| reprecussions following sexual violence in war (3) | unwanted pregnancies, STIs, stigmatization |
| estimated _________________ million african women are genetically mutilated every year | 100-140 |
| Geneva Convention (1949) did what (2) | established law for humanitarian treatment in war, and defined rights and protections of non-combatants |
| Geneva convention was ratified by | 196 countries |
| women gain power through decption (sexual play-acting, faking sexual responses, mensturation) | masked criminality |
| general strain theory involves (3) | failure to achieve positive goals, loss of positive influences, arrival of negative influences |
| Females in regards to strain theory | internalize anger leading to depression and self-destructive behaviors |
| theory focuses on self control and says it is the most important factor behind crime | general theory of crime |
| general theory of crime is most useful in (2) | dealing with male offending and white-collar crimes |
| Historical view of women in the cj system (3) | largely ignored as victims, offendrs, and employees |
| refers to biological or physiological characteristics | sex |
| refers to socially defined identities of masculine and feminine | gender |
| 1st wave of feminism from? and focused on? | late 1840s-1950s, suffrage |
| when looking explicitly at females during the early years criminality was due to? | and illness, prisons focused on curing offender |
| Freda Adler said an increase in professional, educational, and economic opportunities for women led to | increase in criminality and deviance |
| the relationship between females in the workforce and the increase of female criminality may be due to an unknown factor | spurious relationship |
| this type of feminism says the application of the scientific process is flawed, produces sexist bias in empirical research | liberal feminism |
| this type of feminism focuses on men's oppression of women rather than on other social conditions which might result in women's subordination | radical feminism |
| this type of feminism states women are unable to be free because they depend on males in a capitalist society | socialist feminism |
| this type of feminism seeks equality between men and women | post modern feminism |
| there is a __________ of violent victimizations of females | decrease |
| less than half of victims officially report their victimization because (2) | very few sanctions for offenders, revictimization by the cj system |
| gender gap | states that women consistently offend at much lower rates than males for most offenses |
| crimes dominated by women (3) | prostitution, status offenses, property crime due to economic need/addiction |
| majority of women in prison have ____________ | abuse histories |
| challenges faced by women working in CJ (4) | limited opportunity for advancement, sexual harassment, work-family balance, maternity and motherhood |
| Disadvantages of using UCR (5) | only includes crimes reported to the police, only includes data on certain types of crime, hierarchy rule, no additional info, not mandatory participation |
| 7 types of Part 1 offenses according to UCR | agg assault, murder, robbery, forcible rape, arson, burglary, larceny, grand theft auto |
| in UCR only most serious crime reported | hierarchy rule |
| looks at dark figure of crime | NCVS |
| disadvantage of NIBRS (2) | doesn't include much description of arrest, not madatory and have very few participants |
| NCVS findings indicate | higher crime rates than official data |
| Advantages of NCVS (3) | help understand unreported crime, help to explain variations in crime reporting, better understand why crime occurs |
| Disadvantages of NCVS (5) | limited in scope, memory of the respondent, telescoping, errors of deception, sampling error |
| Comparing data from UCR and NCVS finds (3) | violent offending remains stable among men and womeh, net widening and women offenders, gender gap is narrowing |
| VAWA has improved the cj system's response in (2) | strengthening federal penalties for repeat sex offenders, rape shield laws |
| cases of ________ are significantly undereported among females | personal violence |
| _______________ have helped to reduce secondary victimization | victim witness assistance programs |
| an example of misinformtion from media (white women syndrome) | susan smith |
| mendohlsons 6 categories of victims | innocent victim, victim with minor guilt, voluntary victim, victim who is more guilty than the offender, victim who alone is guilty, imaginary victim |
| no responsibility for the crime attributed to the victim | innocent victim |
| victim precipitates crime with carelessness/ignorance (ex: being in the wrong part of town) | victim with minor guilt |
| victim and offender equally responsible (victim pays prostitute and prostitute robs victim | voluntary victim |
| victim who provokes or induces another to commit crime (ex: victim is killed by offender who they abused for years | victim who is more guilty than offender |
| victim who is solely responsible for their own victimization (an attacker killed in self defense) | victim who alone is guilty |
| victims mistakingly believe they have been victimized | imaginary victim |
| 3 problematic assumptions with just world hypothesis | ability to change environment, innocent victims as true victims, false sense of security |
| in dealing with RAT feminists ____________ that men are more vulnerable | disagree because of guardianship |
| Model Penal Code of 1955 is historically narrow because (5) | limited to intercourse, male offender and female victim, required force or threat of force, marital status precludes rape, did not acknowledge attempted rapes |
| progressive elements of model penal code (2) | acknowledgement of victim impairment and status as child |
| FBI UCR def of rape prior to 2013 | carnal knpwledge of a female forcibly against her will |
| UCR new def of rape | penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus w/ any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, w/out the consent of the victim |
| new UCR def of rape includes (3) | no longer forcible only, gender neutral, body part or object |
| the offender uses or threatens to use force to achieve penetration | forcible rape |
| a person is raped while under influence without their knowledge or consent | drug or alcohol facilitated rape |
| a victim cannot consent due to self induced consumtion of alcohol or drugs or cannot consent to being unconscius or sleeping | incapacitated rape |
| a person is touched in the erogenous zone but does not involve attempted or completed pentration | unwanted sexual contact |
| people living in rural areas at __________ risk for sexual assault than those in suburban areas | higher |
| in statutory rape coercion is __________ | assumed |
| percent of adolescents who were raped knew their offender well | 75 |
| same sex rape rooted in | men's need to exert dominance and control |
| estimated ____________ number of women experience sexual assault during their military service | 1/3 |
| there is/is not a single def of consent | is not. each state has their own def |
| 3 ways to analyze consent | freely given consent without force/coercion, capacity to consent (of age and not impaired), affirmative consent |
| means conscious, affirmative, and voluntary agreement to engage in sexual activity, lack of protest or resistance does not mean consent, nor does silence | affirmative consent |
| according to affirmative consent, consent can be given by words or actions as long as | they create clear permission regarding willingness to engage in sexual activity |
| factors increasing likelihood of reporting rape (3) | injury, concern over contracting hIV, indent of incident as rape |
| most common reason to report sexual assault was _______ | prevention |
| victims seeking medical treatment in sexual assault cases more likely to ____________ | report |
| rape shield laws began emerging in | 1974 |
| protections under rape shield law include (2) | confidentiality of victim name, and limits set on cross evaluation beyond the incident in question |
| 5 ways judges have created new exceptions rape shield laws | prior pattern of sexual conduct w/ 3rd parties, prior sex conduct w/ 3rd parties to prove reasonable but mistaken belief of consent, prior prostituion, prior sex conduct w/ defendant, prior public sexual conduct w/ 3rd parties |
| battered womens movement happened in | 1960s-1970s |
| For something to be considered IPV must be(2) | an intimate partner, whether current or former and don't have to be married |
| abuse is one element rooted in a need for power and control | intimate terrorism |
| common couple violence, conflict gets out of control and results in violence | situational couple violence |
| one person is violent and controlling and the other person resists in a violent manner | violent resistance |
| IPV includes (1) | emotional abuse |
| enslavement and transportation for the purposes of sexual exploitation | sex trafficking |
| most at risk for sex trafficking (3) | poor young people, immigrants, drug addicts |
| most commonly identified form of trafficking | sexual exploitation |
| migrant smuggling occurs with | consent not forced |
| traffickers more likely to be | male |
| labor/sex trafficking persists because (3) | low risk-very few laws and resources dedicated to it, make a lot of money, social blaming of victims |
| victims of human trafficking can be divided into 3 categories | children under 18 induced into commercial sex, adults induced into commercial sex by force, threat, or coercion, children and adults forced into labor or services through coercion, force, or threat of force |
| victims of human trafficking more likely to be | female |
| recognizing signs of human trafficking (4) | has very few possessions, not in control of finances, not in control of his/her own IDs, not allowed to speak for themselves and always have 3rd party present |
| trafficking can be both? (2) | domestic and international |
| how many people are subject to trafficking | 2.5 million people from 127 countries are victims |
| how lucrative is the trafficking business? | 32 billion dollar business |
| types of trafficking? (3) | forced labor/voluntary servitude, debt bondage, sex trafficking |
| where is human trafficking occuring? sex? (3) labor? (3) | sex-- brothels, escort services, street prostituiton, labor-- small businesses, labor farms, factories |
| children most likely to be victims of trafficking in? | africa/middle east |
| women i other countries often suffer more violence due to limited opportunities as a result of? | patriarchal society |
| Honor Based Violence includes (2) | domestic abuse (threats of violence, sexual, psychological abuse), murder (honor killings, dowry deaths, bride burnings |
| common forms of dowry death (4) | battering, marital rape, acid throwing, bride burning |
| strain can happen as a result of (3) | failing to reach positive goals, loss of positive valued stimuli, presence of negative stimuli (being bullied. victim of another crime) |
| define conflict tactics scale | survey of men and women asking them how often a discussion or altercation turns into something more violent |
| the law says for it to be stalking there must be | indication of fear from victim |
| UCR is | data from over 17,000 police agencies published annually by FBI |
| NIBRS advantages (4) | includes completed and attempted crimes, includes data on each single arrest and incident, no hierarchy rule, 22 offense categories v. 7 |
Created by:
jsessler001