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Ch. 1 sociology
Ch. 1 Sociology
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Sociological Perspective | understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context |
| Society | perople who share a culltue and heritage |
| Social Location | the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society |
| What do sociologists do? | look at how jobs, income, education, gender, age, and race-ethnicity affect people's ideas and behavior |
| Who thought the sociological immagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography? | C. Wright Mills (1959) |
| Who was C. Wright Mills? What did he believe? | A sociologist; he thought that the sociological perspective enables us to grasp connections between history and biography.--external influences affect our lives. It is not out of instinct. |
| Science | requires the development of theories that can be tested by systematic research |
| Sociology grew out of what? | social upheaval |
| What was the birth of sociology? | Happened through people turning away from tradition--instead they used the scientific method |
| Positivism | Use of the scientific method to study the social world |
| What did Auguste Comte (1798-1587) propose? | he proposed the idea of positivism (using the scientific method to study the social world) |
| Who proposed the idea of positivism (using the scientific method to study the social world)? | Auguste Comte (1798-1857) |
| What else did Auguste Comte think about the ideas of sociology? | social principles could be found and applied to social reform |
| What is "armchair philosophy"? | drawing conclusions from informal observations of social life |
| In order to uncover society's fundemental laws, what did Auguste Comte say we should do? | classify human activites |
| Who is often called the "founder of sociology"? | Auguste Comte (1798-1857) |
| Did Herbert Spencer agree with Comte? | No, he thought that Comte was wrong--sociology should not guide social reform |
| What did Herbert Spencer believe? | societies evolve from lower (barbarian) to higher (civilized) forms.--survival of the fittest (social darwinism) |
| Did Auguste Comte ever conduct scientic studies? | no |
| Did Herbert Spencer ever conduct scientic studies | no |
| Sociology | the scientific study of society and human behavior |
| Class Conflict | Karl Marx's term for the stuggle between captialists and workers(prolitarians) |
| Who are the bourgeoisie? | capitalists |
| What did Karl Marx believe? | roots of human misery lay in class conflict and when the overthrow of the capitalists happens, there will be a classless society-free of exploitation where people work according to their abilities and get according to their needs. |
| Is Marxism the same a communism? | no |
| Did Karl Marx (1818-1883) develop communisim? | no |
| What were two primary goals of Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)? | get sociology recognized as a separate academic discipline, and show how social forces affect people's behavior |
| Who was Emile Durkheim? | french sociologist (1858-1917) |
| What did Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) do? | conducted a systematic study comparing suicide rates among several countries |
| What did Emilie Durkheim (1858-1917) discover through his study? | people are more likely to commit suicide in their ties to others in their communities are weak |
| Social Integration | degree to which people feel a part of social groups |
| Who did Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) identify as more likely to kill themselves? | Protestants, males, and the unmarried--all have less social integration |
| Who was Max Weber (VAY-ber) (1864-1920)? | german sociologist |
| What did Max Weber (1864-1920) believe? | he believed that religion was the central force in social change |
| Did Max Weber (1864-1920) agree with Karx Marx that economics is the central force of social change? | no, he thought the central force was religion |
| What religion made people believe that their financial success was the sign they were saved? | Protestantism (if prosper, must indicate God's grace) |
| What was the "protestant work ethic"? | -hard work-clean and moral life -self-sacrifice -Delayed gratification -Saving |
| What did Karl Marx believe? | "Religion is the opiate (drug) of the masses" |
| Who is Harriet Martineau? | Rich English female, inspired by comte's work she wrote "Society in America" |
| What did people think of Harriet Martineau's ideas in her time? | ignored her, and believe it to be a translation of Comte's ideas into English |
| When and where was sociology established in the U.S.? | during late 1800s, at universities of Kansas, Chicago, and Atlanta. |
| Which university did sociology dominate in the 1940s? | University of Chicago |
| Who was Jane Addams (1860-1935)? | wealthy, but worked on behalf of the poor immigrants and for social justice |
| What did Jane Addams (1860-1935) cofound? | Hull-house, located in Chicago to aid people in need of refuge |
| What did Jane Addams (1860-1935) strive to do? | bridge the gap between the powerful and powerless; (she worked to win Eight-hour work days and pass laws against child labor) |
| What sociologist was the only one to ever recieve the Nobel Peace Prize for peace? | Jane Addams (1860-1935) |
| What/when did Jane Addams (1860-1935) get an award? | Nobel Peace Prize for peace, 1931 |
| Who was the first African American to earn a doctorate at Harvard? | William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963) |
| Who was W.E.B. Du Bois? | Sociologist that combined sociology and social reform |
| What was W.E.B. Du Bois primarily interested in? | relations between whites and African Americans |
| What did W.E.B. Du Bois found with the help of Jane Addams? | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
| What kind of change happened during the 1940s? | emphasis shifted from social reform to social theory |
| What did Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) do? | develped abstract models of society that greatly influenced a generation of sociologists |
| Did Talcott Parsons model of how the parts of society work together harmoniously stimulate social activism? | no |
| What did C. Wright Mills (1916-1962) think of the theoretical abstractions of his time? | he deplored them |
| What did C. Wright Mills (1916-1962) think of the power elite? | he thought they were an imminent threat to freedom |
| What created tension in sociology? | analyzing society versus working toward its reform |
| Applied Sociology | use of sociology to solve problems-from micro level of family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution |
| Is Applied Sociology the same as social reform? | no, it is not an attempt to rebuild society, but rather an application of sociology |
| What did early sociologist envision about sociology? | it would rebuild or change society--making it better |
| Theory | general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another |
| What are the three major theories that sociologists use? | symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory |
| Symbolic Interactionism | theoretical perspective that focuses on the symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another |
| Who noted that individuals evaluate their own conduct by comparing themselves with others? | Scottish moral philosophers |
| Who brought the perspective that individuals evaluate their own conduct by comparing themselves with others? | Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929), William I. Thomas (1863-1947), and George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) |
| What do symbolic interactionists do? | study how people use symbols to develop their views of the world and to communicate with one another |
| What do symbols define? | they define to us what our relationships are |
| Without symbols, what happens? | could not coordinate our actions with those of other people |
| What do symbolic interactionist do? | analyze how our behaviors depend on the ways we define ourselves and others. |
| Self--is a symbol, but changes why? | we constantly change our views based on how we interpret the reactions of others |
| What happens normally when symbols change in relationships? | structure of relationship weakens |
| Functional Analysis | theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium--known as functionalism and structural functionalism |
| Which early sociologist viewed society as a 'living organism'? | Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer |
| In order to understand society, functionalists say we must look at what? | both structure (how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole) and function (what each part does, how it contributes to society) |
| What did Robert Merton (1910-2003) think about functionalism? | functions keep a group (society, social system) in equilbrium; dysfunctions are consequences that harm society |
| What two things can functions be? | Latent or Manifest |
| What is a manifest function? | acton intended to help some part of a system |
| What are latent functions? | benefits to business were not the intended consequence |
| What are latent dysfunctions? | unintended consequences |
| What do functionalist stress? | industrialization and urbanization undermined the traditional functions of the family |
| What does Conflict theory stress? | society is composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resouces |
| Conflict Theory | theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resources |
| Who founded conflict theory? | Karl Marx |
| Who concluded that the key to human history is class conflict? | Karl Marx |
| Who pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people who are in close relationships? | Sociologist Lewis Coser (1913-2003) |
| Feminists do what? | stress a variety of subjects and use whatever theory applies |
| What do conflict theorists focus on? | they ocus on how men's and women's relationships have changed (then vs. today) |
| Macro-level Analysis | examination of large-scale patterns of society |
| Micro-level Analysis | examination of small-scale patterns of society |
| Social Interaction | what people do when they are in one another's presence |
| Nonverbal Interaction | Communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on. |
| Who focuses on the macro level? | Functionalists and conflict theorists--examine large patterns of society |
| Who focuses on the micro level? | symbolic interactionists |
| Social interaction | what people do when they are in one another's presence |
| Nonverbal interaction | communication without words through gesture, use of space, silence, and so on |
| What is the focus of analysis in the symbolic interactionism perspective? | face-to face interaction; how people use symbols to create social life |
| What is the focus of analysis in the functional analysis (functionalism) perspective? | relationships among the parts of society; how these parts are functional (have beneficial consequences or dysfunctional (have negative consequences) |
| What is the focus of analysis in the conflict theory perspective? | struggle for scarce resources by groups in a society; how the elites use their power to control the weaker groups |
| Which theoretical perspective should we use to study human behavior? | all three theories (functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism) should be used since they each study different areas of social life |
| What did sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) argue? | if theory is not connected to research, it will be abstract and empty |
| Without research what did sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) think was true? | research would be of little value; simply a collection of meaningless facts |
| Is it true that theory must be tested? | yes |
| Is common sense always true? | no, it takes research to find out |
| What are the eight steps in scientific research? | 1)Selecting a TOPIC 2)Defining the PROBLEM 3)Reviewing the LITERATURE 4)Formulating a HYPOTHESIS 5)Choosing a RESEARCH METHOD 6)Collecting the DATA 7)Analyzing the RESULTS 8)Sharing the RESULTS |
| Hypothesis | statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory |
| Variable | factor that is thought to be significant for human behavior, which varies from one case to another |
| T/F--More U.S. Students are shot to death at school now than ten years ago. | F |
| T/F--The earnings of U.S. Women have just caught up with those of U.S. men | F |
| T/F--When faced with natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes, people panic, and social organization disintegrates. | F |
| T/F---Most rapists are mentally ill | F |
| T/F--Most people on welfare are lazy and looking for a handout. They could work if they wanted to. | F |
| T/F--Compared with women, men maintain more eye contact in face-to-face conversations | F |
| T/F--Couples who live together before marriage are usually more satisfied with their marriages than couples who do not live together before marriage. | F |
| T/F--Most people on welfare are lazy and looking for a handout. They could work if they wanted to. | F |
| T/F--Most husbands of working wives who get laid off from work take up the slack and increase the amount of housework they do. | F |
| T/F--Students in Japan are under such intense pressure to o well in school that their suicide rate is about double that of U.S. students. | F |
| Operational definition | the way which a researcher measures a variable |
| Research method (or research design) | one of six procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surverys, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures. |
| Validity | the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure |
| Reliability | the extent to which research produces reliable (consistant or dependable) results |
| What are the six research methods used by sociologists? | surverys, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures. |
| What are the six elements in a table? | title, headnote, headings, columns, rows, and source |
| In a table, what is the function of a titile? | state the topic, located at the top |
| In a table, what is the headnote? | (not always included in a table) located below the title to give more detailed information about how data are presented in the table |
| In a table, what is the function of a heading? | tell what kind of information is contained in the table |
| In a table, what is the function of the columns? | present information arranged vertically |
| In a table, what is the function of a row? | present information arranged horizontally |
| In a table, what is the function of a source? | (usually found on bottom) provide information on where the data in the table originated |
| Survey | collection of data by having people answer a series of questions |
| Population (in research) | the target group to be studied; in a broader sense, the number of people in some area |
| Sample | the individuals who are intended to represent the population to be studied |
| Random sample | a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study |
| Stratified Random Sample | sample of specific subgroups of the target population an in which everyone in the subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the study |
| Respondents | people who respond to a survery, either in interviews or by self-administered questionaires |
| Closed-ended questions | questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent |
| Open-ended questions | questions that respondents are able to answer in their own words |
| What are the six ways NOT to do research? | 1) Choose a biased sample 2)Ask biased questions 3)List biased choices 4)Discard undesirable results 5)Misunderstand the subjects' world 6)Analyze the data incorrectly |
| Rapport | feeling of trust between researchers and subjects |
| Participant Observation (or fieldwork) | research in which the researcher participates in the research setting while observing what is happening in that setting |
| Secondary analysis | the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers |
| Documents | written sources that provide data; (more extensively) archival material of any sort |
| Experiment | use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation |
| Experimental group | the subjects who are exposed to the independent variables |
| Control group | the group of subjects who are not exposed to the independent variable |
| Independent variable | a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable |
| Dependent variable | a factor that is changed by an independent variable |
| Unobtrusive measures | ways of observing people who do not know that they are being studied |
| What is the relationship between gender and research? | 1)men used to be studied with the assumption that their findings were equal to women---not true 2)Kinds of research could affect the findings |
| How important are ethics in sociological research? | they are fundemental, sociologists are commited to openness, honesty, truth, and protecting their subjects from harm. |
| Value Free | the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research |
| Values | the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful, or ugly |
| Replication | repeating a study to test its findings |
| Basic/Pure Sociology | sociological research whose purpose is to make discoveries about life in human groups, not to make changes in those groups |
| Who said that sociology should be "value free" (values do not affect the research)? | Max Weber (Vay-ber) |
| What do sociologists stress to overcome the distortions that values can cause in research? | replication |
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nicegirl_07