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GOV Topic 7 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Inferior Courts | The lower federal courts, beneath the Supreme Court |
| Jurisdiction | The authority of a court to hear a case |
| Concurrent Jurisdiction | Power shared by federal and State courts to hear certain cases |
| Plaintiff | In civil law, the party who brings the suit or some other legal action against another in court |
| Defendant | In a civil suit, the person against whom a court action is brought by the plaintiff, if a criminal case the person charged with the crime |
| Original Jurisdiction | The power of a court to hear a case first, before any other court |
| Appellate Jurisdiction | The authority of a court to review decisions of inferior courts |
| Judicial Restraint | A judicial philosophy in which supporters believe that judges should decide cases based on the original intent of the Framers or those who enacted the statute involved in a case, or on precedent |
| Precedent | Court decision that stands as an example to be followed in future, similar cases |
| Judicial Activism | A judicial philosophy in which supporters believe that judges should interpret and apply provisions in the Constitution and in statute law in the light of ongoing changes in conditions and values |
| Sandra Day O'Connor | The first woman appointed as a U.S. Supreme Court justice in 1981 |
| Ruth Baker Ginsburg | One of three women who currently sit on the U.S. Supreme Court; she was appointed in 1993 |
| Sonia Sotomayor | One of three women who currently sit on the U.S. Supreme Court; she was appointed in 2009 and is also the Court’s first Hispanic member |
| Elena Kagan | One of three women who current sit on the U.S. Supreme Court; she was appointed in 2010 |
| Thurgood Marshall | Only two African Americans have become justices; he was appointed in 1967 |
| Clarence Thomas | Only two African Americans have become justices; he was appointed in 1991 |
| Judicial Review | The power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action |
| Writ of Certiorari | An order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up the record in a given case for review |
| Brief | Detailed written statements filed with the Court before oral arguments are presented |
| Certificate | A method putting a case before the Supreme Court; used when a lower court is not clear about the procedure or rule of law that should apply in a case and asks the Supreme Court to certify the answer to a specific question |
| Majority Opinion | Officially called the Opinion of the Court; announces the Court’s decision in a case and sets out the reasoning upon which it is based |
| Concurring Opinion | Written explanation of the views of one or more judges who support a decision reached by a majority of the court, but wish to add or emphasize a point that was not made in the majority decision |
| Dissenting Opinions | Written explanation of the views of one or more judges who disagree with a decision reached by a majority of the court |
| William Marbury | His last minute appointment as justice of the peace for the District of Columbia signed by John Adams brought about the Supreme Court first using the power of judicial review in the case of ________ vs. Madison |
| Criminal Case | A case in which a defendant is tried for committing a crime as defined by the law |
| Civil Case | A case involving a noncriminal matter such as a contract dispute or a claim of patent infringement |
| Docket | A court’s list of cases to be heard |
| Record | A transcript of proceedings made in trial court |
| Court Martial | A court composed of military personnel, for the trial of those accused of violating military law |
| Civilian Tribunal | A court operating as part of the judicial branch, entirely separate from the military establishment |
| Redress | Satisfaction of a claim payment |
| Guantanamo Bay, Cuba | A military prison at a American naval base where suspected terrorists are held |
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