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Parenting Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is executive functioning? | Cognitive processes enabling inhibitory control, resistance to distraction, problem solving, and goal directed behavior |
| 5 types of father involvment | 1. Uninterested/Unavailable 2. Traditional 3. Assistant Parent 4. Co-Parent 5. Primary Care Parent |
| Cognitive Contextual method | Children initially evaluate their parents quarrels by the perceived level of negativity, level of threat, and relevance to themselves. They then make causal attributions and respond to conflict |
| 5 changes that accompany divorce | 1. Place of residence 2. Daily routine 3. Relationship with parents and extended family 4. School and peers 5. Quality of parenting |
| Parents role in peer relationship: Social broker | Aids in finding friends |
| Parent role in peer relationship: Gatekeeper | Aids in excluding undesirable peers |
| Parent role in peer relationship: Police Officer | Intervenes during conflict |
| Parent role in peer relationship: Social coach | Improves child's quality of interaction. |
| What are some new socialization influences for children during middle childhood? | Self care/independence, household rules, manners/politeness, prosocial behavior |
| Why do many parents feel that parenting gets easier in middle childhood? | Less time is needed for basic child care. Children's cognitive abilities, maturation, and self regulation increase the cooperative parent-child relationship |
| What is going on developmentally in middle childhood according to Erikson and Piaget? | Eriskon: developing sense of industry. Piaget: Children are moving into concrete operational stage |
| What is the resource dilution model? | The amount of resources available to a child affects their academic achievement and cognitive development. Amount of resources depends on income and number of children and their spacing |
| How can birth-order be considered a child effect instead of a resource dilution? | First born children are born into different environments. Parents have been observed to be more present, responsive, and affectionate to their first born children. |
| Why do parents tend to think of siblings as being very different? | To help promote independence and to help the child develop their own areas of accomplishment and self esteem |
| 3 things parents typically do to deal with sibling conflict? | 1. Parental control strategies (tell them to stop, warn punishment) 2. child centered strategies (help them use their words to express their feelings) 3. Passive nonintervention (let the kids work it out themselves) |
| What happens during "secondary processing" after being spanked? | It is not likely to include what the parent wants the child to think about, instead child may be focusing on the negative emotion that came from being spanked. |
| Some problems in the research about spanking? | -problem behaviors are correlational not experimental -Early research failed to account for child's difficultness - Maternal warmth and normativeness of spanking will effect outcomes |
| How does punishment tend to change in middle childhood? | -Timeouts and distracting the child become less effective -Children begin getting grounded or scolded, and parents start to use psychological control techniques such as shaming or guiliting |
| 2 steps Grusec and Goodnow suggest become part of disciplining children | 1. Child must clearly understand parents behavioral expectations and standards 2. Child needs to accept those standards and behave accordingly |
| What can parents do to encourage/set the stage for children's acceptance of their standards of behavior? | - Be responsive to child's needs - Make sure children consider the standards and consequences fair and legitimate |
| What developmental issues of middle childhood makes behavior control a challenge? | They are seeking autonomy and competence, but they still experience difficulties controlling their own behavior |
| Internalizing behavior problems | Problem behaviors that are directed inwardly (fear, nervousness, sadness, inhibition, withdrawal) |
| Externalizing behavior problems | Problem behaviors that are directed outward and toward other people. (disobedience, fighting, screaming, anger) |
| What percent of US children have a diagnosable behavior disorder? | 13.1% |
| What percent of US children have ADHD? | 11% |
| 3 ways marital conflict can negatively impact children | 1. Children may begin to model negative behavior 2. Threatens children's sense of emotional security 3. When conflict spills over into parent-child relationship |
| Do fathers have a unique role in child's development? | Yes; father involvement has a positive influence in the child's life. |
| What is meant by parental structuring? | The degree to which a parent provides a predictable organized environment for a child. |
| What 3 mistakes to parents tend to make when disciplining toddlers? | 1. Inadvertently reinforcing behavior by giving attention to them 2. Forgetting to reward good behaviors 3. Overreacting and giving too long of explanations about misbehaviors |
| Is power assertion necessary? | If used in conjunction with reasoning, may be necessary to gain child's attention or maintain control. |
| What 3 factors do Grusec and Goodnow say determine the effectiveness of discipline? | 1. Nature of the misdeed 2. Nature of the child 3. Actual disciplinary response |
| Why is misbehavior in toddlers important and necessary? | Because this is how they learn to be self-assertive and test boundaries. They eventually learn to gain the ability to control their behavior |
| Surgency | An aspect of emotional reactivity in which a person tends toward high levels of positive affect |
| Thomas and Chess' 3 categories of temperament | 1. difficult (low adaptability, negative mood, high intensity, low rhythmicity) 2. Easy (opposite of difficult child) 3. Slow to warm up (may seem difficult at first) |
| According to attachment theory, what does the child learn from sensitive/responsive parenting? | Babies learn whether people can be trusted to care for them, protect them, and respond to their needs. |
| What does social caregiving teach infants about social interaction? | - Turn taking - Synchrony - reciprocity - complementarity |
| What is the evolutionary significance of infant crying? | Highly noxious crying has been selected because it elicits a caregivers response. |
| What do parents have to do with early brain development? | By providing appropriate levels of stimulation and creating an enriching environment |
| 3 ways parents can help children when the stressor is out of their control | 1. Show how they themselves cope 2. Intentionally shield children 3. Help them understand what is happening in an age appropriate way |
| What is the longest period of time a preschooler should be sedentary? | 60 minutes |
| How many minutes a day of physical activity should children get? | 30 minutes |
| What percent of BMI is considered obese? | If a child is in the 95th percentile of children of the same sex and age. |
| 3 negative outcomes associated with too much screen time in young children | 1. Aggression 2. Self-regulation problems 3. Decreased vocabulary |
| What percent of 3 year olds in the US have TV's in their rooms? | 33% |
| What is the most common form of child care for preschool ages? | Relative Care |
| What is meant by cooperative relationship orientation or mutually responsive orientation? | Involves cooperation and positive affection. Not only elicits good behavior, but also promotes development of conscience. |
| What are some other names for the positive discipline approach? | - Positive parenting - Attachment Parenting - Nonviolent Parenting |
| Why does frequency of discipline peak between ages 3-6? | Kids begin to test limits and bid for their autonomy |
| What does research tell us about parenting and children's compassion? | Authoritarian; increases empathy Authoritative; decreases empathy |
| 3 ways parents promote prosocial behavior | 1. Talking about emotions to help their kids understand their own feelings 2. Modeling and verbally reinforcing acts of kindness 3. Verbalizing empathetic concerns |
| What is prosocial behavior? | Actions considered beneficial to other people or society as a whole |
| What evidence do we have for the importance of effortful control among preschoolers? | Preschoolers who are better at this show fewer behavior problems and better academic performance |
| What is effortful control? | The ability to regulate ones cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to stimuli Ex: telling a child they can't eat candy and then leaving them alone with it. |
| What do parents have to do with children's executive functioning? | They model emotion regulation |
| What can parents who are good at "emotional socialization" do to help children learn emotion regulation | - Provide dyadic instruction about emotions - Model how to identify and deal with emotions - React to kids emotional expression - Discuss emotion-related topics |
| How common are temper tantrums? | -50-91% of all children have them - Last 3-4 minutes and consist of kicking, screaming, crying, and stiffening entire body - Some kids have them once a day |
| What is emotion regulation for preschoolers? | Ability to control and regulate ones own emotions |
| What do years of research tell us about overprotectedness? | It is linked to a variety of mental health problems. Parents should use gentle and non-intrusive control and provide appropriate choices. |
| How do the 3 baumrind parenting styles relate to autonomy granting? | Authoritarian: Maintain strict and controlling household Permissive: let children become largely autonomous and provide little if any control Authoritative: Provide firm control, yet discuss and negotiate with child. (best results) |
| In what ways do parents encourage autonomy in infancy, toddlerhood, and preschool ages? | Infancy: Responding quickly to child's cry so they know their environment is responsive to them Toddlerhood: Giving them choices (what to wear, what to eat, etc) Preschool: letting them solve most of their own problems |
| What characteristics of marital conflict can help protect children from it's effects? | - Resolving the conflict - Not yelling, no verbal or physical abuse - Constructive arguing (agreeing to disagree) |
| How does child resiliency play into adjustment after divorce? | Children who are less resillient show lingering problems for many years post-divorce. |
| How do parents directly and indirectly promote school success? | Direct: Homework, choosing what school indirect: Helping them socialize being involved |
| Why shouldn't you tell a child "you're so smart"? | Children will begin to strive only for a good grade and not to actually learn. If they get a low grade they may feel that they are not smart. |
| Physical vs. Relational aggression | Physical: hitting, pinching, etc. Relational: Harms friendships and social status through gossiping, excluding, manipulating Both done to harm or hurt |
| What is a bully/victim? | Someone who has been bullied before and bullies now |
| 3 benefits of children television/electronic media usage | 1. Information 2. Relaxation 3. Education |
| 3 hazards of children television/electronic media usage | 1. Inappropriate content 2. Less physical exercise 3. Cyber bullying/violence |
| How many hours of TV time does the book recommend? | 2 hours |
| 2 things parents can do to lessen negative impacts of electronic media usage? | 1. co watch/set limitations 2. No TV/computer in room |
| Affective reprimands | Disciplinary responses that include raising children's discomfort levels about the effects of their behavior and then providing an explanation for why it was wrong. |
| Differential Socialization | How parents may rear children differently due to biological sex or other individual differences in the child |
| Spatial- temporal | Activities that involve space and time |
| 3 categories of influence on parenting (according to Belsky) | 1. Parental Psychological resources (developmental history and personality) 2. Child characteristics (gender and behavior) 3. Contextual sources of stress and social support (marital relations, social networks, work relations) |
| Childrearing commitment | the extent to which the parent is dedicated to the child and their well being |
| Coercive discipline and power assetion | When a parent forces a child to comply or behave in a certain way |
| Compensatory Hypothesis | One variable can compensate or counteract the negative effects of another variable. ex: one parent may attempt to compensate for an acrimonious marital relationship by devoting extra attention and warmth to the child |
| Determinants of parenting | Variables that influence a parents child rearing behavior |
| Examples of determinants of parenting (cultural, individual, interpersonal, setting) | Cultural: Nationality and socioeconomic status Individual: Characteristics of parent and unconscious influences Interpersonal: Child behavior at the time and familial structure Setting: at home, at the mall, at the park, etc |
| Goodness of Fit | The quality of the match between a child characteristics and the parent |
| Mindful Parenting | A parents nonjudgemental awareness of the child in the immediate context |
| Spill Over Hypothesis | A hypothesis that the mood or quality of interactions in one domain carry over into another domain. With regard to parents, examples include how marital conflict, or work stress spills over and affects the quality of child-parent interactions |
| Stable Parent Characteristics | - Family Structure (1 or 2 parents homes and how many children in the homes) -Marital Relation (Can be close and supportive or have high amounts of discord.) |
| Transient Parent characteristics | -thoughts (what parent has in mind has strong influence on their behavior) -emotions (help organize parents sensitive and responsive child-rearing behaviors) |
| Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS) | A prenatal test for genetic abnormalities that is preformed between the 10th and 12th week of pregnancy |
| Amniocentesis | A prenatal test for chromosomal abnormalities conducted after the 15th week of pregnancy |
| Ultrasound | A machine that uses high-frequency sound waves to construct an image |
| Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) | Methods developed by artificial or partially artificial techniques to assist in reproduction |
| Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) | A procedure in which sperm are placed by a catheter directly into the women's uterus |
| Invitro Fertilization (IVF) | An egg and sperm are combined in a petri dish and then fertilized into the woman |
| Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) | Similar to GIFT except fertilization occurs similarly to IVF and the resulting zygote is transferred to a fallopian tube |
| Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) | Eggs and sperm are inserted by ways of laparoscope into the women's fallopian tubes |
| Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) | A single sperm is selected and then injected into a single egg using a microscope glass needle. Once fertilized, the zygote is inserted into the women |
| Bradley method of Child Birth | Designed to promote natural and healthy childbirth without medication or surgery. Classes focus on nutrition, relaxation, and breathing exercises. Also called husband coached birth |
| Dominant Inheritance | Occurs if either parent has a faulty gene, the defect can still be passed onto the infant. |
| Recessive Inheritance | When both parents carry the same abnormal gene and pass it on to the child |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | A disorder found in children of mothers who have ingested alcohol during pregnancy. Depending on the severity, can result in growth deficiencies and other abnormalities |
| Postpartum Depression | Persistent feelings of sadness, low energy, etc. in mothers during the first year |
| Sex Chromosome | The 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine the child's gender Women: XX Men: XY |
| Teratogens | harmful substance that can damage a developing embryo or fetus |
| Distraction | A parenting technique whereby the child's attention is strategically shifted from one source to another |
| Negative emotionality | When a child's emotional state is characterized y negative affect, such as irritability and anger |
| Parental seperation anxiety | A parents unpleasant emotional state of concern and apprehension about leaving a child |
| Psychological Control | A type of control that consists of parental efforts to constrain, invalidate, and manipulate the child's psychological and emotional experience |
| Social Caregiving | Parent caregiving behavior that focuses on an infant or child's interpersonal interactions |
| Why does parenting usually get easier at preschool age? | The kids are now potty trained, better emotional regulation, and preschooler's have less difficulty falling asleep |
| What aspects of gender become part of a child's sense of self during the preschool period? | -Better understanding of what the labels boy and girl mean - Gender stereotypical activities and toys - Gender typed appearances - Gender typed play |
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